25 new reports on policing, probation, recidivism and more.

Criminal Justice Research Library for October 11, 2022 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 25 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: Community Impact [[link removed]] Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in Delaware [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, Kyra Hoffner, and Jack Young, September, 2022

"Baltimore communities with high rates of incarceration were more likely to have high unemployment rates, low household income, a high percentage of residents with less than a high school diploma or GED, decreased life expectancy..." Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in Pennsylvania [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative and the Public Interest Law Center, September, 2022

"We find that incarcerated people in Pennsylvania come from every corner of the Commonwealth: every single one of the 67 counties is missing a portion of its population to prisons." Repurposing Correctional Facilities to Strengthen Communities [[link removed]] by Sentencing Project, August, 2022

"Prison capacity nationwide has been reduced by 81,444 beds [between 2000 and 2022]. Jurisdictions seeking support to finance prison reuse can access federal resources to purchase, construct, or improve designated facilities or provide related services." Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in California [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative and Essie Justice Group, August, 2022

"Some areas of federally recognized tribal land -- including the Fort Mojave Reservation and Big Valley Rancheria -- have imprisonment rates more than five times the imprisonment rate of Los Angeles." Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in Washington [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative and More Equitable Democracy, August, 2022

"People living in the Skokomish Reservation and Squaxin Island Reservation experience imprisonment rates of over 1,000 per 100,000 residents, which is almost double the rate of imprisonment in Tacoma and more than 6 times the imprisonment rate in Seattle." Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Time-In-Cell: A 2021 Snapshot of Restrictive Housing based on a Nationwide Survey of U.S. Prison Systems [[link removed]] by The Correctional Leaders Association & The Arthur Liman Center for Public Interest Law at Yale Law School, August, 2022

"In 2012, few statutes focused on the use of restrictive housing. Between 2018 and 2020, when the last report was published, legislators in more than 25 states introduced bills to limit the use of restrictive housing, and some fifteen enacted legislation." But Who Oversees the Overseers?: The Status of Prison and Jail Oversight in the United States [[link removed]] by Michele Deitch, October, 2020

"External oversight is a cost-effective tool that jurisdictions can adopt to combat negative correctional outcomes and maximize positive ones." Families [[link removed]] Identifying the Impact of Incarceration on Parenting: An Examination of Incarcerated Parents' Perceptions in the "Reading for a Change" Program in Colorado [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Kyle C. Ward et al, August, 2022

"Using semi-structured interviews, incarcerated parents...indicated considerable barriers to visits, high costs of keeping in touch, significant impacts on the family at home..." Felon Disenfranchisement [[link removed]] Shifting Power: The Impact of Incarceration on Political Representation [[link removed]] by Brianna Remster and Rory Kramer, April, 2019

"Drawing on data from the Census, Pennsylvania Dept. of Corrections, and Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission, we develop a counterfactual framework to examine whether removing and returning prisoners to their home districts affects equal representation." Health impact [[link removed]] HIV in Prisons, 2020 - Statistical Tables [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2022

"From 2016 to 2020, the number of male prisoners who had HIV declined an average of 6% per year, while the number of female prisoners with HIV declined 10% per year on average." Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] Federal Justice Statistics, 2020 [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2022

"Of the 346,681 persons under federal correctional control at fiscal year-end 2020, about 56% were in secure confinement and 44% were on community supervision." LGBT [[link removed]] First Report of the Task Force on Issues Faced by TGNCNBI People in Custody [[link removed]] by Task Force on Issues Faced by TGNCNBI People in Custody, August, 2022

This report details findings and recommendations of the Task Force on Issues Faced by Transgender, Gender Non-Conforming, Non-Binary, and Intersex (TGNCNBI) People in Custody, created to assess conditions and policies in New York City jails. Police and Policing [[link removed]] The Usual, Racialized, Suspects: The Consequence of Police Contacts with Black and White Youth on Adult Arrest [[link removed]] by Anne McGlynn-Wright, Robert D Crutchfield, Martie L Skinner, Kevin P Haggerty, May, 2022

"Our findings indicate that police encounters in childhood increase the risk of arrest in young adulthood for Black but not White respondents." Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] The Effects of Misdemeanor Bail Reform [[link removed]] by Paul Heaton, University of Pennsylvania Law School Quattrone Center for the Fair Administration of Justice, August, 2022

"Misdemeanor pretrial reform produced more lenient outcomes and reduced the system's imprint without adversely impacting public safety." Probation and parole [[link removed]] Criminal Violations [[link removed]] by Jacob Schuman, February, 2022

"While technical violations [of supervised release] punish non-criminal behavior, criminal violations drive punishment by increasing sentences for criminal convictions and making punishing crimes easier." Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Racial equity in eligibility for a clean slate under automatic criminal record relief laws [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Alyssa C. Mooney, Alissa Skog, and Amy E. Lerman, August, 2022

"In California, one in five people with convictions met criteria for full conviction relief under the state's automatic relief laws. Yet the share of Black Americans eligible for relief was lower than White Americans..." Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] Inmate Assistance Programs: Toward a Less Punitive and More Effective Criminal Justice System [[link removed]] by Murat C. Mungan, Erkmen Giray Aslim, and Yijia Lu, July, 2022

"The cost savings from reducing sentences...can be used to finance [Inmate Assistance Programs] without significantly affecting deterrence due to the ineffectiveness of lengthy imprisonment sentences." The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison [[link removed]] by Richard Rosenfeld and Amanda Grigg, eds., National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, May, 2022

"We must move beyond the recidivism rate to adequately measure post-release criminal behavior, which will require reversing the polarity of recidivism from failure to success." Sentencing Policy and Practices [[link removed]] Three Strikes in California [[link removed]] by Mia Bird et al., California Policy Lab, August, 2022

"Nearly 65% of admissions to prison with a doubled-sentence enhancement [under the Three-Strikes law] are for a non-violent, non-serious offense." Sentence Length and Recidivism: A Review of the Research [[link removed]] by Elizabeth Berger and Kent Scheidegger, June, 2021

"While some findings suggest that longer sentences may provide additional deterrent benefit in the aggregate, this effect is not always consistent or strong." Women [[link removed]] Justice for Girls Blueprint: The Way Forward for Florida [[link removed]] by Delores Barr Weaver Policy Center, July, 2022

"Statewide, Black girls make up only 21% of girls ages 10-17, but they represent 45% of the girls who were arrested, 52% of girls on probation caseloads, 47% of girls incarcerated, and 52% of the girls transferred into the adult criminal justice system." Correctional Medical Care for Female Prisoners: Legal Issues Surrounding Inadequate Treatment of Chronic and/or Preexisting Health Conditions [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Chelsi Lamberton and Michael S. Vaughn, June, 2022

"Through the lens of federal court litigation...this article discusses women who brought legal challenges, questioning the adequacy of correctional medical care rendered to their chronic and preexisting health conditions." Does distance decrease healthcare options for pregnant, incarcerated people? Mapping the distance between abortion providers and prisons [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Julia Gips, Kevin J. Psoter, and Carolyn Sufrin, April, 2020

"We georeferenced 643 abortion clinics, 75 state prisons and 20 federal prisons. The farthest minimum distance between a state prison and abortion clinic was 383 miles; the shortest was 2.2 miles." Youth [[link removed]] Diversion: A Hidden Key to Combating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Justice [[link removed]] by Sentencing Project, August, 2022

"Nationwide in 2019, 52% of delinquency cases involving white youth were handled informally (diverted), far higher than the share of cases diverted involving Black youth (40%)." Extended Injustice: Court Fines and Fees for Young People are Counterproductive, Particularly Harm Black Young People, Families, and Communi [[link removed]] by The Commonwealth Institute, July, 2022

"While detailed Virginia data on the impact of juvenile court fines and fees by race is not available, analyses from other states shows that Black youth pay the highest amount in fines as a result of greater frequency and duration of probation conditions." Please support our work [[link removed]]

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Other news: All profit, no risk: How the bail industry exploits the legal system [[link removed]]

In this new report [[link removed]], we gathered twenty years of evidence to show that the central tenet of the commercial bail industry — that "it provides a public service at no cost to the taxpayer" — is a lie that the industry uses to protect its profitable position in the American criminal legal system.

Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

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