We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 25 new reports to the Research Library:

Community Impact

• Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in Delaware by Prison Policy Initiative, Kyra Hoffner, and Jack Young, September, 2022
  "Baltimore communities with high rates of incarceration were more likely to have high unemployment rates, low household income, a high percentage of residents with less than a high school diploma or GED, decreased life expectancy..."
• Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in Pennsylvania by Prison Policy Initiative and the Public Interest Law Center, September, 2022
  "We find that incarcerated people in Pennsylvania come from every corner of the Commonwealth: every single one of the 67 counties is missing a portion of its population to prisons."
• Repurposing Correctional Facilities to Strengthen Communities by Sentencing Project, August, 2022
  "Prison capacity nationwide has been reduced by 81,444 beds [between 2000 and 2022]. Jurisdictions seeking support to finance prison reuse can access federal resources to purchase, construct, or improve designated facilities or provide related services."
• Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in California by Prison Policy Initiative and Essie Justice Group, August, 2022
  "Some areas of federally recognized tribal land -- including the Fort Mojave Reservation and Big Valley Rancheria -- have imprisonment rates more than five times the imprisonment rate of Los Angeles."
• Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in Washington by Prison Policy Initiative and More Equitable Democracy, August, 2022
  "People living in the Skokomish Reservation and Squaxin Island Reservation experience imprisonment rates of over 1,000 per 100,000 residents, which is almost double the rate of imprisonment in Tacoma and more than 6 times the imprisonment rate in Seattle."

Conditions of Confinement

• Time-In-Cell: A 2021 Snapshot of Restrictive Housing based on a Nationwide Survey of U.S. Prison Systems by The Correctional Leaders Association & The Arthur Liman Center for Public Interest Law at Yale Law School, August, 2022
  "In 2012, few statutes focused on the use of restrictive housing. Between 2018 and 2020, when the last report was published, legislators in more than 25 states introduced bills to limit the use of restrictive housing, and some fifteen enacted legislation."
• But Who Oversees the Overseers?: The Status of Prison and Jail Oversight in the United States by Michele Deitch, October, 2020
  "External oversight is a cost-effective tool that jurisdictions can adopt to combat negative correctional outcomes and maximize positive ones."

Families

• Identifying the Impact of Incarceration on Parenting: An Examination of Incarcerated Parents' Perceptions in the "Reading for a Change" Program in ColoradoPaywall :( by Kyle C. Ward et al, August, 2022
  "Using semi-structured interviews, incarcerated parents...indicated considerable barriers to visits, high costs of keeping in touch, significant impacts on the family at home..."

Felon Disenfranchisement

• Shifting Power: The Impact of Incarceration on Political Representation by Brianna Remster and Rory Kramer, April, 2019
  "Drawing on data from the Census, Pennsylvania Dept. of Corrections, and Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission, we develop a counterfactual framework to examine whether removing and returning prisoners to their home districts affects equal representation."

Health impact

• HIV in Prisons, 2020 - Statistical Tables by Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2022
  "From 2016 to 2020, the number of male prisoners who had HIV declined an average of 6% per year, while the number of female prisoners with HIV declined 10% per year on average."

Incarceration Rates Growth Causes

• Federal Justice Statistics, 2020 by Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2022
  "Of the 346,681 persons under federal correctional control at fiscal year-end 2020, about 56% were in secure confinement and 44% were on community supervision."

LGBT

• First Report of the Task Force on Issues Faced by TGNCNBI People in Custody by Task Force on Issues Faced by TGNCNBI People in Custody, August, 2022
  This report details findings and recommendations of the Task Force on Issues Faced by Transgender, Gender Non-Conforming, Non-Binary, and Intersex (TGNCNBI) People in Custody, created to assess conditions and policies in New York City jails.

Police and Policing

• The Usual, Racialized, Suspects: The Consequence of Police Contacts with Black and White Youth on Adult Arrest by Anne McGlynn-Wright, Robert D Crutchfield, Martie L Skinner, Kevin P Haggerty, May, 2022
  "Our findings indicate that police encounters in childhood increase the risk of arrest in young adulthood for Black but not White respondents."

Pretrial Detention

• The Effects of Misdemeanor Bail Reform by Paul Heaton, University of Pennsylvania Law School Quattrone Center for the Fair Administration of Justice, August, 2022
  "Misdemeanor pretrial reform produced more lenient outcomes and reduced the system's imprint without adversely impacting public safety."

Probation and parole

• Criminal Violations by Jacob Schuman, February, 2022
  "While technical violations [of supervised release] punish non-criminal behavior, criminal violations drive punishment by increasing sentences for criminal convictions and making punishing crimes easier."

Race and ethnicity

• Racial equity in eligibility for a clean slate under automatic criminal record relief laws Paywall :( by Alyssa C. Mooney, Alissa Skog, and Amy E. Lerman, August, 2022
  "In California, one in five people with convictions met criteria for full conviction relief under the state's automatic relief laws. Yet the share of Black Americans eligible for relief was lower than White Americans..."

Recidivism and Reentry

• Inmate Assistance Programs: Toward a Less Punitive and More Effective Criminal Justice System by Murat C. Mungan, Erkmen Giray Aslim, and Yijia Lu, July, 2022
  "The cost savings from reducing sentences...can be used to finance [Inmate Assistance Programs] without significantly affecting deterrence due to the ineffectiveness of lengthy imprisonment sentences."
• The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison by Richard Rosenfeld and Amanda Grigg, eds., National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, May, 2022
  "We must move beyond the recidivism rate to adequately measure post-release criminal behavior, which will require reversing the polarity of recidivism from failure to success."

Sentencing Policy and Practices

• Three Strikes in California by Mia Bird et al., California Policy Lab, August, 2022
  "Nearly 65% of admissions to prison with a doubled-sentence enhancement [under the Three-Strikes law] are for a non-violent, non-serious offense."
• Sentence Length and Recidivism: A Review of the Research by Elizabeth Berger and Kent Scheidegger, June, 2021
  "While some findings suggest that longer sentences may provide additional deterrent benefit in the aggregate, this effect is not always consistent or strong."

Women

• Justice for Girls Blueprint: The Way Forward for Florida by Delores Barr Weaver Policy Center, July, 2022
  "Statewide, Black girls make up only 21% of girls ages 10-17, but they represent 45% of the girls who were arrested, 52% of girls on probation caseloads, 47% of girls incarcerated, and 52% of the girls transferred into the adult criminal justice system."
• Correctional Medical Care for Female Prisoners: Legal Issues Surrounding Inadequate Treatment of Chronic and/or Preexisting Health ConditionsPaywall :( by Chelsi Lamberton and Michael S. Vaughn, June, 2022
  "Through the lens of federal court litigation...this article discusses women who brought legal challenges, questioning the adequacy of correctional medical care rendered to their chronic and preexisting health conditions."
• Does distance decrease healthcare options for pregnant, incarcerated people? Mapping the distance between abortion providers and prisonsPaywall :( by Julia Gips, Kevin J. Psoter, and Carolyn Sufrin, April, 2020
  "We georeferenced 643 abortion clinics, 75 state prisons and 20 federal prisons. The farthest minimum distance between a state prison and abortion clinic was 383 miles; the shortest was 2.2 miles."

Youth

• Diversion: A Hidden Key to Combating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Justice by Sentencing Project, August, 2022
  "Nationwide in 2019, 52% of delinquency cases involving white youth were handled informally (diverted), far higher than the share of cases diverted involving Black youth (40%)."
• Extended Injustice: Court Fines and Fees for Young People are Counterproductive, Particularly Harm Black Young People, Families, and Communi by The Commonwealth Institute, July, 2022
  "While detailed Virginia data on the impact of juvenile court fines and fees by race is not available, analyses from other states shows that Black youth pay the highest amount in fines as a result of greater frequency and duration of probation conditions."