Research and data for criminal justice reform

Criminal Justice Research Library for March 30, 2021 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 26 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: The Enormous Cost of Parole Violations in New York [[link removed]] by The Justice Lab and The Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform, March, 2021

"In 2019, New York's state and local governments collectively spent $683 million to incarcerate people on parole for rules violations, without evidence that this massive expenditure of resources meaningfully contributed to public safety." Categories: Probation and parole [[link removed]] Are Effects of School Resource Officers Moderated by Student Race and Ethnicity? [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Scott Crosse et al., March, 2021

"We found that increases in offenses and exclusionary reactions due to increased SRO presence were most evident for Black and Hispanic as opposed to White students." Categories: Education [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Social Fabric: A New Model for Public Safety and Vital Neighborhoods [[link removed]] by The Square One Project, March, 2021

"We have models available, but we've never made a sustained commitment to any institution other than the police and the prison system." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Community Impact [[link removed]] Foster Care, Permanency, and Risk of Prison Entry [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Font et al., March, 2021

"Nearly 13 percent of the sample experienced imprisonment in young adulthood. Compared with emancipated youth, hazard of imprisonment was 1.58-1.96 times higher among reunified youth." Categories: Families [[link removed]] Youth [[link removed]] Hidden Figures: Rating the COVID Data Transparency of Prisons, Jails, and Juvenile Agencies [[link removed]] by COVID, Corrections, and Oversight Project, March, 2021

"Correctional agencies -- especially jails and juvenile agencies -- are failing at publishing adequate data on how COVID is impacting the people who work and live in these institutions." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Jails [[link removed]] Youth [[link removed]] Time Served in State Prison, 2018 [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2021

"The average time served by state prisoners released in 2018, from initial admission to initial release, was 2.7 years, and the median time served was 1.3 years." Categories: General [[link removed]] Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] Disabilities Reported by Prisoners [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2021

"Nearly 4 in 10 state prisoners (40%) and 3 in 10 federal prisoners (29%) reported having a disability." Categories: Disability [[link removed]] Veterans in Prison [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2021

"An estimated 107,400 veterans were serving time in state or federal prison in 2016." Categories: General [[link removed]] Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2021

"Nearly 1.5 million persons age 17 or younger had a parent who was in state or federal prison in 2016." Categories: Families [[link removed]] Getting under the skin: Physiological stress and witnessing paternal arrest in young children with incarcerated fathers [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Luke Muentner, Amita Kapoor, Lindsay Weymouth, Julie Poehlmann-Tynan, February, 2021

"Results indicate that children had higher cumulative stress hormone concentrations when they witnessed their father's arrest." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Families [[link removed]] Association between county jail incarceration and cause-specific county mortality in the USA, 1987-2017: a retrospective, longitudinal study [[link removed]] by Sandhya Kajeepeta et al., February, 2021

"Specifically, mortality caused by infectious disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, substance use, and suicide is the strongest driver of the association between jail incarceration and county mortality." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Solitary: The Family Experience [[link removed]] by Open MI Door Campaign and Citizens for Prison Reform, February, 2021

"Among those in administrative segregation and Level V cells, approximately 20 percent have been in for 6-12 months; 32 percent have been in for 1-2 years; and a shocking 47 percent have been in isolation for more than 2 years." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Families [[link removed]] DPIC Special Report: The Innocence Epidemic [[link removed]] by Death Penalty Information Center, February, 2021

"Of the 185 exonerations that have occurred since 1973, 69.2 percent (128) have included official misconduct by police, prosecutors, or other government officials." Categories: Death Penalty [[link removed]] Safety We Can Feel [[link removed]] by Safety We Can Feel, February, 2021

"Respondents wanted to see more funding going towards centers for mental health and addiction recovery (58%), housing and stability assistance (57%), and education and youth programming (53%) as approaches to addressing violence." Categories: Public Opinion [[link removed]] Police and Policing [[link removed]] No End In Sight: America's Enduring Reliance on Life Imprisonment [[link removed]] by Sentencing Project, February, 2021

"In the United States, more than 200,000 people are serving life sentences - one out of every seven in prison." Categories: Sentencing Policy and Practices [[link removed]] Mass Incarceration and Children's Health: A State-Level Analysis of Adverse Birth Outcomes and Infant, Child, and Teen Mortality [[link removed]]Paywall :( by James M Conway, February, 2021

"Results indicated that as hypothesized, incarceration rates positively predicted infant mortality, child mortality (for Black children only), preterm births, and low-weight births. Relationships tended to be stronger for Black than for white children." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Families [[link removed]] New York City Jails: COVID Discharge Policy, Data Transparency, and Reform [[link removed]] by Eli Miller, Bryan D. Martin, and Chad Topaz, February, 2021

"Their success with discharge during the early stages of COVID-19 suggests that low-risk inmates could be discharged sooner in general." Categories: Jails [[link removed]] Reducing the Misuse and Overuse of Jails in Safety and Justice Challenge Sites: An Interim Progress Report [[link removed]] by CUNY Institute for State and Local Governance, February, 2021

"Since implementation of the initiative began in 2016, ADP has declined substantially in many SJC sites. Ten of the 14 sites represented in this report experienced ADP reductions by Year 3, for a combined reduction of 18 percent." Categories: Jails [[link removed]] Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] Grave Consequences: How the Criminalization of Disability Leads to Deaths in Jail [[link removed]] by Disability Rights Oregon, February, 2021

"DRO's investigation found the following jail conditions put individuals with disabilities at risk of deadly harm." Categories: Disability [[link removed]] Jails [[link removed]] The Consequences Are Black and White: Race and Poor Health Following Incarceration [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Julie L. Kuper and Jillian J. Turanovic, February, 2021

"Findings indicate that Black respondents reported within-person health declines that were more substantial than those of Whites after first incarceration. Additional analyses revealed that these race differences were more pronounced among Black males." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Proliferation of Punishment: The Centrality of Legal Fines and Fees in the Landscape of Contemporary Penology [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Ilya Slavinski and Becky Pettit, January, 2021

"Enforcement of LFOs varies geographically and is related to conservative politics and racial threat." Categories: Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] Poverty and wealth [[link removed]] The High Price of Using Justice Fines and Fees to Fund Government in New York [[link removed]] by Vera Institute of Justice, December, 2020

"In 2018, New York state and local governments collected at least $1.21 billion in criminal and traffic fines and fees as revenue." Categories: Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] Poverty and wealth [[link removed]] Locking Up My Generation: Cohort Differences in Prison Spells Over the Life Course [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Rand, October, 2020

"Our study highlights a heretofore overlooked perspective: that the crime-punishment wave in the 1980s and 1990s created cohort differences in incarceration over the life course that changed the level of incarceration even decades after the wave." Categories: Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] Revolving Doors: Examining the Effect of Race and Ethnicity on Discretionary Decision-Making in Parole Revocations [[link removed]] by Tri Keah S. Henry, August, 2020

"Findings suggest that race/ethnicity significantly influences parole revocation outcomes." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Probation and parole [[link removed]] Racialized Re-entry: Labor Market Inequality After Incarceration [[link removed]] by Bruce Western and Catherine Sirois, June, 2019

"Qualitative interviews suggest that whites more than blacks and Hispanics find stable, high-paying jobs through social networks." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] Correctional Facility and Inmate Locations: Urban and Rural Status Patterns [[link removed]] by Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications, July, 2017

"We find that a disproportionate share of prisons and inmates are located in rural areas, while a disproportionate share of inmates are from urban areas." Categories: Prison Gerrymandering [[link removed]] Please support our work [[link removed]]

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