New research on policing, body cameras, racial disparities, and more

Criminal Justice Research Library for June 3, 2020 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 20 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]:

Racial Disparities in NYPD's COVID-19 Policing: Unequal Enforcement of 311 Social Distancing Calls [[link removed]] by The Legal Aid Society, May, 2020

"Although the official data released by the city is limited and incomplete,5 the data that is available demonstrates the disproportionate impacts of the NYPD's pandemic policing on Black and Latino New Yorkers." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Catalyzing Policing Reform with Data: Policing Typology for Los Angeles Neighborhoods [[link removed]] by Urban Institute, May, 2020

"However, across all groups and their varied activity levels, Black people are stopped at the highest rate." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Bail Reform Revisited: The Impact of New York's Amended Bail Law on Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] by Center for Court Innovation, May, 2020

"When compared to the original reforms passed in 2019, the amendments will produce a 16 percent relative increase in the use of money bail and pretrial detention among New York City criminal cases and a 16 percent increase in the pretrial jail population." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Compassionate release was never designed to release large numbers of people [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, May, 2020

"Unfortunately, what they, and the American public, are learning is that compassionate release is not a transparent and linear process, but an unpredictably ordered series of obstacles." Categories: General [[link removed]] Criminal Record Stigma in the College-Educated Labor Market [[link removed]] by Michael Cerda-Jara, Aminah Elster, and David J. Harding, May, 2020

"The overall callback rate is 50 percent lower for college-educated men with criminal records compared to college-educated men with no record." Categories: Community Impact [[link removed]] The Wandering Officer [[link removed]] by Ben Grunwald & John Rappaport, April, 2020

"In any given year over the last three decades, an average of roughly 1,100 full-time law-enforcement officers in Florida walk the streets having been fired in the past, and almost 800 having been fired for misconduct." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins [[link removed]] by Ryan T. Motz et al., December, 2019

"We found that contact with the justice system--through spending a night in jail/prison, being issued an ASBO, or having an official crime record--promotes misbehavior, which supports the labeling hypothesis." Categories: General [[link removed]] U.S. Prison Decline: Insufficient to Undo Mass Incarceration [[link removed]] by Sentencing Project, May, 2019

"At the pace of decarceration since 2009, averaging 1% annually, it will take 65 years-- until 2085--to cut the U.S. prison population in half." Categories: Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] A randomized control trial evaluating the effects of police body-worn cameras [[link removed]] by David Yokum, Anita Ravishankar, and Alexander Coppock, May, 2019

"Our results indicate that cameras did not meaningfully affect police behavior on a range of outcomes, including complaints and use of force." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Using Shifts in Deployment and Operations to Test for Racial Bias in Police Stops [[link removed]] by John M. MacDonald and Jeffrey Fagan, May, 2019

"For blacks, impact-zone formation increases arrests, summons, and frisks. For Hispanics, impact-zone formation increases arrests, frisks, and street detention." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Police and Policing [[link removed]] Persistent and aggressive interactions with the police: potential mental health implications [[link removed]] by J.L. Hirschtick et al., February, 2019

Men reporting a high number of lifetime police stops have three times greater odds of current PTSD symptoms compared with men who did not report high lifetime police stops, even after adjusting for a range of factors. Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Risk of Police-Involved Death by Race/Ethnicity and Place, United States, 2012-2018 [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Frank Edwards, Michael H. Esposito, and Hedwig Lee, August, 2018

Police were responsible for about 8% of all homicides with adult male victims between 2012 and 2018, with Black men having the highest risk of mortality from police violence. Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] TRENDS: Police Militarization and the Use of Lethal Force [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Edward Lawson, Jr., July, 2018

There is a positive and significant association between militarization and the number of suspects killed, controlling for several other possible explanations. Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] The Relationship Between Structural Racism and Black-White Disparities in Fatal Police Shootings at the State Level [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Aldina Mesic et al, April, 2018

"For every 10-point increase in the state racism index, the Black-White disparity ratio of police shooting rates of people not known to be armed increased by 24%." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Evidence that curtailing proactive policing can reduce major crime [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Christopher M. Sullivan & Zachary P. O'Keeffe, September, 2017

"Analysing several years of unique data obtained from the NYPD, we find that civilian complaints of major crimes (such as burglary, felony assault and grand larceny) decreased during and shortly after sharp reductions in proactive policing." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Police Union Contracts [[link removed]] by Stephen Rushin, March, 2017

"Across America's largest cities, many police officers receive excessive procedural protections during internal disciplinary investigations, effectively immunizing them from the consequences of misconduct." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Preventing the Use of Deadly Force: [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Jay T. Jennings and Meghan E. Rubado, February, 2017

"Findings show that one policy--the requirement that officers file a report when they point their guns at people but do not fire--is associated with significantly lower rates of gun deaths." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Examining the Role of Use of Force Policies in Ending Police Violence [[link removed]] by Samuel Sinyangwe, September, 2016

"These results suggest specific changes to police department use of force policies can significantly reduce police violence in America." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Collateral Damage: The Health Effects of Invasive Police Encounters in New York City [[link removed]] by Abigail A. Sewell and Kevin A. Jefferson, April, 2016

"It shows that, holding constant crime levels, segregation measures, and known sociodemographic correlates of health, community-level Terry stop patterns associate with individual-level illness." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Police and Policing [[link removed]] The Effect of Direct and Vicarious Police Contact on the Educational Achievement of Urban Teens [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Aaron Gottlieb and Robert Wilson, 2015

"We find that arrest, police contact that does not result in arrest, and vicarious police contact are all associated with reductions in educational achievement." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Other news: Essential reading on policing in America [[link removed]]

See our 2019 reports:

Policing Women: Race and gender disparities in police stops, searches, and use of force. [[link removed]] Arrest, Release, Repeat: How police and jails are misused to respond to social problems. [[link removed]] [[link removed]] Have you published research on policing? Don't see it in our Research Library? [[link removed]]

We work hard to curate all the criminal justice research available online in our Research Library. Still, we can't catch everything. Send us a message through our contact page [[link removed]] to let us know what you've published that we might have missed.

Our other newsletters General Prison Policy Initiative newsletter ( archives [[link removed]]) Ending prison gerrymandering ( archives [[link removed]])

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