New research and data for criminal justice reform

Criminal Justice Research Library for December 31, 2019 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 35 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: Trends in Correctional Control by Race and Sex [[link removed]] by The Council on Criminal Justice, December, 2019

For Black individuals, increases in length of stay, admissions per arrest, and arrests per offender offset the 3% decline in offending rates for rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. People in Jail in 2019 [[link removed]] by Vera Institute of Justice, December, 2019

"At midyear 2019, there were an estimated 758,400 people in local jails, up 13,200 (1.8 percent increase) from midyear 2017." Rethinking the "Drug Dealer" [[link removed]] by Drug Policy Alliance, December, 2019

"Imprisoning people who sell drugs does not reduce the drug supply, increase drug prices, or prevent drug use." Paying for Jail: How County Jails Extract Wealth from New York Communities [[link removed]] by Worth Rises and Brooklyn Community Bail Fund, December, 2019

"We estimate that in 2017 the 57 counties outside of New York City extracted over $25.1 million for phone calls, $14.1 million for commissary, and $0.2 million for disciplinary tickets." Jailing Immigrant Detainees: A National Study of County Participation in Immigration Detention, 1983-2013 [[link removed]] by Emily Ryo and Ian Peacock, November, 2019

"We find that the number of counties confining immigrant detainees steadily increased between 1983 and 2013, with the largest growth concentrated in small to medium sized, rural, and Republican counties located in the South." Broken Ground: Why America Keeps Building More Jails and What It Can Do Instead [[link removed]] by Vera Institute of Justice, November, 2019

"Rural areas, suburban areas, and midsized cities remain in a jail population boom and continue to build larger jails." The Steep Costs of Criminal Justice Fees and Fines: A Fiscal Analysis of Three States and Ten Counties [[link removed]] by Brennan Center for Justice, November, 2019

Criminal fines and fees burden the members of society who are least able to pay, and the costs of collection are many times greater than those of general taxation, effectively canceling out much of the revenue. The Company Store and the Literally Captive Market: Consumer Law in Prisons and Jails [[link removed]] by Stephen Raher, November, 2019

"The growth of public expense associated with mass incarceration has led many carceral systems to push certain costs onto the people who are under correctional supervision." Pushed Out and Locked In: The Catch-22 for New York's Disabled, Homeless, Sex-Offender Registrants [[link removed]] by Allison Frankel, November, 2019

"New York should immediately stop detaining people solely because they are homeless, and divert its attention from sex-offender regulations that have no demonstrable impact on public safety." Growth in ICE Detention Fueled by Immigrants with No Criminal Conviction [[link removed]] by TRAC Immigration, November, 2019

"On the last day of April 2019, ICE held about 50,000 people in detention centers nationwide. Nearly 32,000 - or 64% - of detainees had no criminal conviction on record." Prosecutors and Responses to Violence [[link removed]] by Institute for Innovation in Prosecution at John Jay College, November, 2019

"The current approach to violent crime contributes nothing to falling crime rates, imprisons people far longer than necessary, diverts resources from more productive strategies, and subjects people to a brutality that should make any prosecutor shudder." Association of Punitive and Reporting State Policies Related to Substance Use in Pregnancy With Rates of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [[link removed]] by Laura J. Faherty, Ashley M. Kranz, Joshua Russell-Fritch, et al., November, 2019

Punitive policies related to substance use in pregnancy were not associated with a reduction in (neonatal abstinence syndrome) NAS rates, and in fact, these policies may have been associated with an increase in rates of NAS. Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution in the San Francisco County Jail [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Lynn D. Wenger et al., October, 2019

Of incarcerated people who received naloxone upon re-entry, 32% reported reversing an overdose and 44% received refills from community-based programs after reentry. The Power of Observation: An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Body Worn Cameras on Police Use of Force and Productivity [[link removed]] by Taeho Kim, October, 2019

This study finds that body worn cameras are associated with a drop of 43% in use of force, a reduction of 81% in subject injury, yet not with officer injury, or other productivity measures such as crime and clearance rates. Incarceration Exposure and Maternal Food Insecurity During Pregnancy: Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2004-2015 [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Alexander Testa and Dylan B. Jackson, October, 2019

"Exposure to incarceration either personally or vicariously through a partner is associated with a 165% increase in the odds of food insecurity." Criminal records and college admissions: A modified experimental audit [[link removed]] by Robert Stewart and Christopher Uggen, October, 2019

"We find that applicants with prior criminal records were rejected at arate approximately 3 times higher than applicants without records from colleges that require criminal history information." Overcoming Barriers that Prevent Eligible Incarcerated People from Voting in Massachusetts [[link removed]] by The Emancipation Initiative, October, 2019

"There are up to 10,000 voters incarcerated in Massachusetts on any given day who retain the right to vote on paper." Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2019 [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, October, 2019

"More incarcerated women are held in local jails than in state prisons, in stark contrast to incarcerated men, meaning that reforms that only impact people in prison will not benefit them." Trapped Inside: The Past, Present, and Future of Solitary Confinement in New York [[link removed]] by New York Civil Liberties Union, October, 2019

"40,000 solitary confinement sanctions were given in 2018. One-quarter were in the form of special housing unit, or SHU sanctions, the most restrictive form of isolation." The Price of Taxation by Citation: Case Studies of Three Georgia Cities that Rely Heavily on Fines and Fees [[link removed]] by Institute for Justice, October, 2019

"Our findings also suggest taxation by citation is shortsighted. Cities may gain revenue, but they may also pay a price for it in the form of lower community trust and cooperation." Statewide Policies Relating to Pre-Arrest Diversion and Crisis Response [[link removed]] by R Street, October, 2019

"Laws that grant local officials noncriminal responses to crises can propel diversion efforts or provide alternative, supplemental crisis responses." Acute Care for Patients Who Are Incarcerated: A Review [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Lawrence A. Haber, Hans P. Erickson, Sumant R. Ranji, et al, September, 2019

"Patients who are incarcerated have a protected right to health care but may experience exceptions to physical comfort, health privacy, and informed decision-making in the acute care setting." Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012 [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Christopher Wildeman, Alyssa W. Goldman, and Emily A. Wang, August, 2019

"Persons on probation died at a rate 3.42 times higher than persons in jail, 2.81 times higher than persons in state prison, and 2.10 times higher than the general US population." The Right to Counsel in Wayne County, Michigan: Evaluation of Assigned Counsel Services in the Third Judicial Circuit [[link removed]] by Sixth Amendment Center, August, 2019

"Every aspect of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel is impaired." The Influence of Familial Social Support on Physical Health During Reentry [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Chantal Fahmy and Danielle Wallace, August, 2019

"The results suggest that social support has important repercussions on one's physical health and thus success at reintegration." A Piece of the Puzzle: State Financial Aid for Incarcerated Students [[link removed]] by Vera Institute of Justice, July, 2019

"Partnering with colleges and universities to provide postsecondary programs can help state corrections agencies meet institutional goals related to evidence-based practices and recidivism reduction." Socioeconomic Barriers to Child Contact with Incarcerated Parents [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Batya Y. Rubenstein, Elisa L. Toman, Joshua C. Cochran, August, 2018

"Analyses suggest that lower income parents are less likely to be visited by their children. We also find that economic disadvantage may condition impacts of other practical barriers, such as distance from home." Police Stops and Searches of Indigenous People in Minneapolis: The Roles of Race, Place, and Gender [[link removed]] by Marina Mileo Gorsuch and Deborah Rho, April, 2018

"Our analysis shows that Minneapolis police disproportionately stopped Native Americans in Minneapolis in non-vehicle stops and suspicious vehicle stops, but not in traffic enforcement stops." Jails: Inadvertent Health Care Providers: How county correctional facilities are playing a role in the safety net [[link removed]] by The Pew Charitable Trusts, January, 2018

This report examines two ways in which jails can deliver healthcare more effectively: by providing high-value care within their walls and by facilitating well-designed health handoffs to community providers at re-entry. An Examination of Care Practices of Pregnant Women Incarcerated in Jail Facilities in the United States [[link removed]] by C. M. Kelsey, Nickole Medel, Carson Mullins, Danielle Dallaire, Catherine Forestell, February, 2017

In this first study to examine practices in regional jails nationwide, we found evidence that standards of care guidelines to improve health and well-being of pregnant incarcerated women are not being followed in many facilities. Remote Adjudication in Immigration [[link removed]] by Ingrid V. Eagly, November, 2015

Detained litigants assigned to televideo courtrooms exhibited depressed engagement with the adversarial process--they were less likely to retain counsel, apply to remain lawfully in the United States, or seek voluntary departure. Bringing it all back home: Understanding the medical difficulties encountered by newly released prisoners in New Orleans, Louisiana [[link removed]] by William Lee Vail, Anjali Niyogi, Norris Henderson, and Ashley Wennerstrom, 2015

"Most FIPs face significant barriers to access of healthcare, including lack of insurance, funding, knowledge of community services and social support. Importantly, there is an overall distrust of institutions and medical care systems." Driving on Empty: Florida's Counterproductive and Costly Driver's License Suspension Practices [[link removed]] by Fines & Fees Justice Center, 2015

"Between 2015-2017, more than 3.5 million suspension notices were issued for unpaid court debt." Unintended Consequences: Effects of Paternal Incarceration on Child School Readiness and Later Special Education Placement [[link removed]] by Anna R. Haskins, April, 2014

"Mass incarceration facilitates the intergenerational transmission of male behavioral disadvantage, and because of the higher exposure of black children to incarceration, it also plays a role in explaining the persistently low achievement of black boys." Ineffective Assistance of Library: The Failings and the Future of Prison Law Libraries [[link removed]] by Jonathan Abel, June, 2012

"The courts' attempts to graft an access-to-courts rationale onto a law library system that had developed for other purposes led to a law library doctrine riddled with contradictions and doomed to failure." Support our work today and double your impact [[link removed]]

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