We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 22 new reports to the Research Library:

COVID-19

• Association of State COVID-19 Vaccination Prioritization With Vaccination Rates Among Incarcerated Persons by Breanne E. Biondi et al, April, 2022
  "Our data suggest that state prioritization of incarcerated persons was associated with increased vaccination rates in this population, although vaccination rates may vary owing to state vaccine rollout, availability, or incarcerated persons' preference."

Community Impact

• Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in New York by Prison Policy Initiative, June, 2022
  "The city of Rochester -- the fourth most populous city in the state -- with an incarceration rate of 1,051 per 100,000 city residents, is more than 5 times the rate in New York City."
• Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in Maryland by Prison Policy Initiative, June, 2022
  "A number of less populous areas, including Wicomico, Dorchester, and Somerset counties on the Eastern Shore, rank in the top fifth of Maryland counties when it comes to prison incarceration rates."
• Where people in prison come from: The geography of mass incarceration in New Jersey by Prison Policy Initiative, June, 2022
  "In New Jersey incarcerated people come from all over the state, but are disproportionately from a few specific cities, most notably Camden, Atlantic City, Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City."

Drug Policy

• Opioid Overdose Deaths Among Formerly Incarcerated Persons and the General Population: North Carolina, 2000-2018Paywall :( by Shabbar I Ranapurwala et al, February, 2022
  "While nationwide opioid overdose death rates declined from 2017 to 2018, OOD rates among North Carolina formerly incarcerated people increased by about a third, largely from fentanyl and its analogs."

Economics of Incarceration

• Captive Labor: Exploitation of Incarcerated Workers by ACLU and the University of Chicago Law School Global Human Rights Clinic, June, 2022
  "Our research found that the average minimum hourly wage paid to workers for non-industry jobs is 13 cents, and the average maximum hourly wage is 52 cents."

Health impact

• Interventions Designed to Improve HIV Continuum of Care Outcomes for Persons with HIV in Contact with the Carceral System in the USA by Emily F. Dauria et al, June, 2022
  "Cyclical carceral contact remains a persistent barrier to community-based HIV care access and engagement."
• Universal health coverage and incarceration by Tyler N. A. Winkleman et al, June, 2022
  "Particularly in countries with high incarceration rates, failure to include custodial settings in calculations of the service coverage index might result in overestimation of progress towards UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.8.1."
• Chronic Punishment: The unmet health needs of people in state prisons by Prison Policy Initiative, June, 2022
  "In this analysis of a unique, large-scale survey of people in state prisons, we add to the existing research showing that state prisons fall far short of their constitutional duty to meet the essential health needs of people in their custody."

Incarceration Rates Growth Causes

• Elderly, Detained, and Justice-Involved: The Most Incarcerated Generation by Rachel Bedard, Joshua Vaughn and Angela Silletti Murolo, March, 2022
  "A birth cohort born in the 1960s and 70s were set on a path towards lifetime justice involvement as a result of having come into adolescence during the height of the crack era and crime waves of the 1980s and early 1990s."
• Elderly, Detained, and Justice-Involved: The Most Incarcerated Generation by Rachel Bedard, Joshua Vaughn and Angela Silletti Murolo, March, 2022
  "A birth cohort born in the 1960s and 70s were set on a path towards lifetime justice involvement as a result of having come into adolescence during the height of the crack era and crime waves of the 1980s and early 1990s."

Mental Health

• Parole, Power, and Punishment: The Massachusetts Parole Board's Discriminatory Treatment of People with Mental Health Disabilities by Northeastern University School of Law and Mental Health Legal Advisors Committee (MHLAC), March, 2022
  "The Board's Handbook lists factors that Board members can consider. No regulation, however, requires [their consideration]...the Board's largely arbitrary decision-making process allows for implicit bias that directly impacts those with disabilities."

Race and ethnicity

• The competing effects of racial discrimination and racial identity on the predicted number of days incarcerated in the US: A national profile of Black, Latino/Latina, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations by George Pro, Ricky Camplain, Charles H. Lea III, June, 2022
  "Black respondents with low discrimination exposure had 42 predicted days incarcerated, whereas Black respondents with high discrimination exposure had 130 predicted days incarcerated, or an increase of 209%."
• Racial Bias and Prison Discipline: A Study of North Carolina State Prisons by Katherine M. Becker, April, 2022
  "Holding other variables constant, a Black person incarcerated in North Carolina was 10.3% more likely than a similarly situated white person to receive at least one disciplinary write-up in 2020."

Recidivism and Reentry

• Reducing Barriers to Reentry for Older Adults Leaving Incarceration by Justice in Aging, May, 2022
  "Policies that improve timely access to Social Security and SSI for the reentry population would help everyone reentering our communities and could particularly help reduce income inequities for people of color, people with disabilities, and older adults."
• Providing Identification for Those Released from Incarceration by National Conference of State Legislatures, April, 2022
  "Approximately 17 states have laws aimed at helping previous offenders get identification either at release or immediately following. But these laws vary."
• Realignment and Recidivism Revisited: A Closer Look at the Effects of California's Historic Correctional Reform on Recidivism OutcomesPaywall :( by Mia Bird, Viet Nguyen, and Ryken Grattet, November, 2021
  "All groups [of types of offenders] experienced decreases in reconviction, which gives credence to the idea that a significant reprioritization of who should be in prison can positively affect public safety."

Sentencing Policy and Practices

• Nothing But Time: Elderly Americans Serving Life Without Parole by Sentencing Project, June, 2022
  "More than 55,000 Americans are incarcerated in state and federal prisons with no chance of parole, reflecting a 66% rise in people serving LWOP since 2003."
• American Prison-Release Systems: Indeterminacy in Sentencing and the Control of Prison Population Size by Robina Institute, April, 2022
  "The operational features of American prison-release systems, and their foreseeable results, could hardly be more dissonant. Sometimes the differences are so extreme as to be inexplicable."

Women

• Motherhood and Pregnancy Behind Bars: Texas Must Rethink How It's Treating Mothers and Families by Texas Center for Justice and Equity, May, 2022
  "Disregarding women's requests for help had occurred so often in Texas corrections facilities that the Legislature passed [a bill requiring] corrections officers to promptly respond when a woman was experiencing labor and take her to a medical facility."

Youth

• Data Reveals Violence Among Youth Under 18 Has Not Spiked in the Pandemic by Sentencing Project, June, 2022
  "The share of crimes in the U.S. committed by youth has fallen by more than half over the past two decades, and it continued to fall for all major offense categories in 2020."
• Re-Arrest Among 16 Year-Olds Arrested In The First Year Of Raise The Age by Marian Gewirtz, New York City Criminal Justice Agency, December, 2021
  "The analysis indicates that the raise-the-age age/year is a statistically significant predictor of re-arrest over time in both sets of models after accounting for the other included variables."