New research and data for criminal justice reform

Criminal Justice Research Library for November 6, 2019 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 30 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: Torture By Another Name: Solitary Confinement in Texas [[link removed]] by Texas Civil Right Project, October, 2019

"Our continued investigation has confirmed that people are still suffering severe harm in Texas' solitary confinement cells and are being deprived of minimal life necessities." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Rhetoric, Not Reform: Prosecutors & Pretrial Practices in Suffolk, Middlesex, and Berkshire Counties [[link removed]] by CourtWatch MA, October, 2019

"Prosecutors in Massachusetts may talk about reform and decarceration, but the limited available data suggest their practices don't live up to their rhetoric." Categories: Trials [[link removed]] Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release [[link removed]] by Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Josie Sivaraman, David L. Rosen, et al., October, 2019

"Compared with individuals who were incarcerated and not placed in restrictive housing, individuals who spent any time in restrictive housing were 24% more likely to die in the first year after release, especially from suicide and homicide." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Atlas of Surveillance: Southwestern Border Communities [[link removed]] by Electronic Frontier Foundation, October, 2019

"We found 36 local government agencies using automated license plate readers (ALPR), 45 outfitting officers with body-worn cameras, and 20 flying drones." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] The Cannabis Effect on Crime: Time-Series Analysis of Crime in Colorado and Washington State [[link removed]] by Ruibin Lu et al., October, 2019

"Our results suggest that marijuana legalization and sales have had minimal to no effect on major crimes in Colorado or Washington." Categories: Drug Policy [[link removed]] Crime and Crime Rates [[link removed]] Diversion to What? Evidence-Based Mental Health Services that Prevent Needless Incarceration [[link removed]] by Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, September, 2019

"Investing in community-based mental health services provides numerous benefits, including a reduction in law enforcement intervention and incarceration." Categories: Mental Health [[link removed]] Literature Locked Up: How Prison Book Restriction Policies Constitute the Nation's Largest Book Ban [[link removed]] by Pen America, September, 2019

"With over two million Americans incarcerated, the book-restriction regulations within the United States carceral system represent the largest book ban policy in the United States." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Education [[link removed]] The Effect of Scaling Back Punishment on Racial Disparities in Criminal Case Outcomes [[link removed]] by John MacDonald and Steven Raphael, September, 2019

"The findings from this study suggest that policy reforms that scale back the severity of punishment for criminal history and active criminal justice status for less serious felony offenses may help narrow racial inequalities in criminal court dispositions" Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Sentencing Policy and Practices [[link removed]] Assessing Potential Impacts of 2020 Bail Reforms in New York City [[link removed]] by Data Collaborative for Justice, September, 2019

"Had the 2020 Bail Reforms been in place in 2018, 20,349 of the 31,609 cases where bail was set would have resulted in release without bail." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] On Track: How well are states preparing youth in the juvenile justice system for employment? [[link removed]] by CSG Justice Center, September, 2019

"Most incarcerated youth are not provided the workforce development services necessary to obtain viable employment in the community after release." Categories: Youth [[link removed]] Disordered Punishment: Workaround Technologies of Criminal Records Disclosure and the Rise of a New Penal Entrepreneurialism [[link removed]] by Alessandro Corda and Sarah E. Lageson, September, 2019

"Criminal records, or proxies for them, are now actively produced and managed by third parties via corporate decision-making processes, rather than government dictating boundaries or outsourcing duties to private actors." Categories: Privatization [[link removed]] Voters Support Reducing the Use of Fines and Fees in Sentencing [[link removed]] by Data for Progress and The Justice Collaborative, August, 2019

"Sixty-four percent either somewhat or strongly supported limiting the use of fines and fees to those able to pay." Categories: Public Opinion [[link removed]] The benefits and implementation challenges of the first state-wide comprehensive medication for addictions program in a unified jail and prison setting (PAYWALLED) [[link removed]] by Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein et al., August, 2019

"A majority of participants discussed program benefits such as reduced withdrawal symptoms, decreased prevalence of illicit drug use in the facility, improved general environment at the RIDOC, and increased post-release intentions to continue MAT." Categories: Drug Policy [[link removed]] State Supreme Court Diversity [[link removed]] by Brennan Center for Justice, July, 2019

"Twenty-four states currently have an all-white supreme court bench, including eight states in which people of color are at least a quarter of the state's general population." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] New Era of Public Safety: A Guide to Fair, Safe, and Effective Community Policing [[link removed]] by The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, March, 2019

This report was developed to give individuals, communities, activists, advocacy organizations, law makers, and police departments the knowledge to carry out police reform. Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Cops and No Counselors: How the Lack of School Mental Health Staff is Harming Students [[link removed]] by ACLU, March, 2019

"We found that schools with police reported 3.5 times as many arrests as schools without police. As a result, students with disabilities and students of color are frequently sent into the criminal system." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Criminal Justice Contact and Health Service Utilization among Women across Health Care Settings: Analyzing the Role of Arrest (PAYWALLED) [[link removed]] by Kathryn M. Nowotny, Anastasiia Kuptsevych-Timmer, Carrie Oser, March, 2019

"Specifically, women recently arrested are hospitalized and seek care at the emergency department at higher rates than non-recently arrested women and this may be associated with their vulnerable mental and behavioral health status." Categories: Women [[link removed]] Health impact [[link removed]] Police Contact and the Legal Socialization of Urban Teens [[link removed]] by Amanda Geller and Jeffrey Fagan, February, 2019

"We find that both personal and vicarious police contact are associated with increased legal cynicism...Legal cynicism is amplified in teens reporting intrusive contact but diminished among teens reporting experiences characterized by procedural justice." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] The Great Decoupling: The Disconnection Between Criminal Offending and Experience of Arrest Across Two Cohorts [[link removed]] by Vesla M. Weaver, Andrew Papachristos, and Michael Zanger-Tishler, February, 2019

"The criminal justice system, we argue, slipped from one in which arrest was low and strongly linked to offending to one where a substantial share of Americans experienced arrest without committing a crime." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Bail and Pretrial Detention: Contours and Causes of Temporal and County Variation [[link removed]] by Katherine Hood and Daniel Schneider, February, 2019

"The politicization of judicial offices, partisan affiliations of district attorneys and governors, income inequality, unemployment rates, and the size of the black population all seem to be related to bail-setting practices." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Level of Criminal Justice Contact and Early Adult Wage Inequality [[link removed]] by Robert Apel and Kathleen Powell, February, 2019

"On the contrary, formerly incarcerated blacks earn significantly lower wages than their similar-age siblings with no history of criminal justice contact (and even their similar-age siblings who have an arrest record)." Categories: Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] Can Restorative Practices Improve School Climate and Curb Suspensions? [[link removed]] by RAND Corporation, December, 2018

"Suspension rates of African American students and of those from low-income families also went down in PERC schools, shrinking the disparities in suspension rates between African American and white students andbetween low- and higher-income students." Categories: Education [[link removed]] State Medical and Geriatric Parole Laws [[link removed]] by National Conference of State Legislatures, August, 2018

"While the vast majority of states have medical parole laws and a number of states have a geriatric parole law, they are rarely used." Categories: Probation and parole [[link removed]] Dying in East Baton Rouge Parish Prison [[link removed]] by The Promise of Justice Initiative, July, 2018

"Focusing on data from 2012 to 2016, the report notes that inadequate medical and mental healthcare and insufficient staff training has left to a mortality rate among prisoners that is several times higher than the national average." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Postincarceration Fatal Overdoses After Implementing Medications for Addiction Treatment in a Statewide Correctional System [[link removed]] by Traci C. Green et al., April, 2018

"We observed a large and clinically meaningful reduction in postincarceration deaths from overdose among inmates released from incarceration after implementation of a comprehensive MAT program in a statewide correctional facility." Categories: Drug Policy [[link removed]] Face Off: Law Enforcement Use of Face Recognition Technology [[link removed]] by Electronic Frontier Foundation, February, 2018

"Law enforcement officers can use mobile devices to capture face recognition-ready photographs of people they stop on the street; surveillance cameras boast real-time face scanning and identification capabilities." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Sexual Victimization and Mental Illness Prevalence Rates Among Incarcerated Women: A Literature Review [[link removed]] by Marie E. Karlsson and Melissa J. Zielinski, January, 2018

The results from this review builds on the literature suggesting that sexual victimization is a pathway to prison for women, likely through the development of mental illness, substance abuse, and repeated exposure to interpersonal trauma. Categories: Women [[link removed]] In Brief: Examining the Changing Racial Composition of Three States' Prison Populations [[link removed]] by CSG Justice Center, March, 2015

"In each of these cases, closer inspection of the data shows that these states experienced considerable reductions in the overall number of people being admitted to prison, and that the decline in admissions has been steepest for blacks and Hispanics." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] Value to the Soul: People with Criminal Convictions on the Power of the Vote [[link removed]] by New Jersey Institute for Social Change, 2015

In 2019, New Jersey denies the right to vote to 102,245 people. That is more people than reside in New Jersey's capital city of Trenton, and more people than live in Camden, Hoboken, and in hundreds of other municipalities in New Jersey. Categories: Felon Disenfranchisement [[link removed]] Law enforcement and criminal justice personnel interactions with transgender people in the United States: A literature review (PAYWALLED) [[link removed]] by Rebecca L. Stotzer, April, 2014

"Large percentages of transgender people in institutional settings also reported abuse committed by criminal justice personnel, including harassment, assault, and a lack of protection from other inmates." Categories: LGBT [[link removed]] Please support our work [[link removed]]

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Other news: Should your research be added to our Research Library?

We work hard to organize all the existing research relevant to criminal justice reform, and we appreciate it when academics and advocates alert us to their published work. Send us a message through our contact page [[link removed]] and let us know what you published that we might have missed.

Or search for your work [[link removed]] in the Research Library.

Prison Policy Initiative at the 2019 American Society of Criminology Conference

Our Research Director, Wendy Sawyer, will be in San Francisco next Thursday and Friday at the American Society of Criminology Conference. If you live in San Francisco or are visiting for the conference, and would like to discuss new research or possible collaborations with the Prison Policy Initiative, please be in touch.

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