Congress may have bought itself another month to negotiate over the Biden-Harris administration’s Build Back Better (BBB) agenda, but one thing is clear: Further reducing the scale and scope of the budget reconciliation package unequivocally means the legislation will support far fewer jobs and deliver fewer benefits to lift up working families and boost the economy as a whole.
How much will such compromise cost the U.S. economy? We crunched the numbers to find out what compromising on the BBB plan will mean for every state and congressional district in the United States. If the budget reconciliation package is cut from $3.5 trillion to $1.5 trillion—as Senator Joe Manchin (D-WV) has called for—nearly 2 million fewer jobs per year would be supported.
In a previous analysis, we showed that the BBB agenda—combining the Bipartisan Infrastructure Framework and the proposed $3.5 trillion budget reconciliation package—would support more than 4 million jobs annually. It would also make critical investments that would deliver relief to financially strained households, raise productivity, and dampen inflation pressures to enhance America’s long-term economic growth prospects. David Brooks, the center-right New York Times columnist, recently captured the significance of these initiatives when he wrote that these are “economic packages that serve moral and cultural purposes. They should be measured by their cultural impact, not merely by some wonky analysis. In real, tangible ways, they would redistribute dignity back downward.”
Senators Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ) are intent on scaling back Build Back Better’s purpose. While Sen. Sinema has not publicly staked a position outlining her objections, Sen. Manchin has telegraphed a top-line spending figure of $1.5 trillion as the maximum he would support.
The $2 trillion gap left by Manchin’s proposal cuts far deeper than any of the policy specifics he proposes eliminating. Even if he succeeded in eliminating all climate-related funding in the BBB agenda budget resolution, for example, Manchin’s plan would still fall nearly $1.8 trillion short. Thus, for the purpose of our analysis, it makes most sense to assume that hewing to Sen. Manchin’s demands would mean a proportional cut across all of the BBB agenda’s individual initiatives (more on the methodologies used here and here).
Besides delivering fewer tangible benefits to typical families, scaling back Build Back Better also severely compromises the package’s value as macroeconomic insurance against recovery waning in the coming years.
Absent the Build Back Better package, there is no guarantee of robust growth once the provisions of the American Rescue Plan—enacted in March of this year—begin fading out in earnest in mid-2022. The U.S. economy is not out of the woods yet. In past instances, policymakers have too often erred on the side of withdrawing fiscal support too early, resulting in protracted recoveries and prolonged spells of elevated unemployment, which ultimately undercut America’s future economic potential. The BBB package would counter a potential slump and effectively support millions of jobs, especially if a host of plausible scenarios occur, including:
- if private spending fails to sustain growth after the American Rescue Plan fades;
- if the pandemic evolves and continues weighing on economic activity;
- or if other unforeseen shocks to the economy emerge and threaten a robust recovery.
Scaling back the plan now, as Sens. Manchin and Sinema would like, will support millions fewer than the original package. In total, Sen. Manchin’s proposal would support nearly 1.9 million fewer jobs per year than the Build Back Better agenda. Full results for each state and congressional district can be downloaded here and in the figures and table below.
- Every state and Washington, D.C. would see fewer jobs supported under Sen. Manchin’s proposal than the BBB agenda. The largest states would experience the largest absolute losses in jobs potential. California would see 211,853 fewer jobs per year, while Texas, New York, and Florida would see 149,050, 116,584, and 106,205 fewer jobs per year, respectively.
- West Virginia would see 9,880 fewer jobs annually under Manchin’s plan, equivalent to 1.33% of the state’s overall employment. West Virginia would be no better off in terms of jobs in fossil fuel industries, but would see 900 fewer manufacturing jobs, 400 fewer construction jobs, and 3,800 fewer health care and social assistance jobs.
- Arizona would see 35,564 fewer jobs per year, equal to 1.17% of state employment, including 2,500 fewer manufacturing jobs, 1,600 fewer construction jobs, and 11,400 fewer health care and social assistance jobs.
- Alaska would be most impacted by fewer jobs under Manchin’s proposal relative to the size of its economy, losing out on jobs equivalent to 1.39% of its total employment, but all states and DC would forego more than 1% of total employment.
- All congressional districts will see fewer jobs supported under Manchin’s proposal than under the BBB plan, ranging from 0.9 to 1.5% fewer jobs supported as a share of overall district-level employment.
- Districts represented by so-called moderate House Democrats would take material hits to jobs under Manchin’s plan relative to the BBB reconciliation plan. Rep. Josh Gottheimer’s (D-NJ 5th) would see support for 7,700 fewer jobs per year in his district under Manchin’s proposal and Rep. Stephanie Murphy (D-FL 7th) would see 7,600 fewer jobs. Altogether, the bloc of 10 moderate Democratic members would see 70,700 fewer jobs supported across their districts relative to the BBB plan.
- Manchin and Sinema have become linchpins in this legislative negotiation to a large extent because of an ideological hollowing out of the “center” of Republican party officials. Supposedly moderate Senate Republicans would not even entertain engagement over the broader Biden-Harris economic agenda, but their constituencies, too, would be worse off under Sen. Manchin’s proposal to cut the BBB agenda.
- Maine would see 8,300 fewer jobs supported per year, or 1.3% of state employment.
- Utah would see 16,600 fewer jobs per year.
- Ohio would miss out on economic support for an additional 71,900 jobs annually.
TABLE 1
Jobs impact of Democratic budget reconciliation plans by state, jobs supported per year
Build Back Better Plan
Manchin Budget Reconciliation Proposal
Reduction in jobs supported
Reduction in jobs supported as share of state employment
All states
3,246,675
1,391,432
-1,855,243
Alabama
44,976
19,275
-25,701
-1.24%
Alaska
8,548
3,663
-4,885
-1.39%
Arizona
62,236
26,673
-35,564
-1.17%
Arkansas
28,746
12,320
-16,426
-1.27%
California
370,742
158,889
-211,853
-1.16%
Colorado
56,903
24,387
-32,516
-1.15%
Connecticut
38,885
16,665
-22,220
-1.23%
Delaware
9,647
4,134
-5,513
-1.22%
District of Columbia
8,825
3,782
-5,043
-1.37%
Florida
185,859
79,654
-106,205
-1.15%
Georgia
97,452
41,765
-55,687
-1.18%
Hawaii
14,283
6,121
-8,161
-1.20%
Idaho
16,466
7,057
-9,409
-1.22%
Illinois
132,647
56,849
-75,798
-1.22%
Indiana
68,482
29,350
-39,133
-1.24%
Iowa
35,465
15,199
-20,266
-1.26%
Kansas
30,464
13,056
-17,408
-1.22%
Kentucky
43,092
18,468
-24,624
-1.26%
Louisiana
42,474
18,203
-24,271
-1.19%
Maine
14,500
6,214
-8,286
-1.25%
Maryland
71,815
30,778
-41,037
-1.34%
Massachusetts
77,440
33,188
-44,251
-1.24%
Michigan
100,904
43,244
-57,659
-1.25%
Minnesota
65,278
27,976
-37,302
-1.27%
Mississippi
27,529
11,798
-15,731
-1.28%
Missouri
63,046
27,020
-36,026
-1.25%
Montana
10,960
4,697
-6,263
-1.23%
Nebraska
21,229
9,098
-12,131
-1.22%
Nevada
24,892
10,668
-14,224
-1.04%
New Hampshire
15,802
6,772
-9,030
-1.25%
New Jersey
89,528
38,369
-51,159
-1.17%
New Mexico
19,343
8,290
-11,053
-1.25%
New York
204,022
87,438
-116,584
-1.23%
North Carolina
100,323
42,996
-57,327
-1.23%
North Dakota
9,062
3,884
-5,178
-1.29%
Ohio
125,737
53,887
-71,850
-1.29%
Oklahoma
38,860
16,654
-22,206
-1.26%
Oregon
42,876
18,376
-24,501
-1.27%
Pennsylvania
137,632
58,985
-78,647
-1.28%
Rhode Island
11,573
4,960
-6,613
-1.25%
South Carolina
48,136
20,630
-27,507
-1.23%
South Dakota
9,961
4,269
-5,692
-1.29%
Tennessee
66,869
28,658
-38,211
-1.25%
Texas
260,838
111,788
-149,050
-1.15%
Utah
28,985
12,422
-16,563
-1.14%
Vermont
7,299
3,128
-4,171
-1.27%
Virginia
91,427
39,183
-52,244
-1.27%
Washington
72,508
31,075
-41,433
-1.18%
West Virginia
17,290
7,410
-9,880
-1.33%
Wisconsin
68,900
29,529
-39,372
-1.33%
Wyoming
5,919
2,537
-3,382
-1.16%
Source: Authors’ analysis of U.S. Census Bureau 2019a and 2020a, and Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Projections program 2019a and 2019b. For a more detailed explanation of data sources and computations, see Hersh (2021) and Scott and Mokhiber (2020).
Adam Hersh joined EPI in 2021, bringing a wide range of research interests from the interrelationship between growth and inequality, to global economic governance, Chinese industrial policy and reform, and climate change.
