[Planetary scientist Kevin Cannon talks about the logistics of
feeding a population of one million on the Red Planet.]
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PORTSIDE CULTURE

WHAT WILL HUMANS EAT ON MARS?  
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Andrea Michelson
October 2, 2019
Smithsonian Magazinem
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_ Planetary scientist Kevin Cannon talks about the logistics of
feeding a population of one million on the Red Planet. _

Scientists at the University of Central Florida have modeled a path
toward self-sufficiency for one million settlers of Mars over the
course of 100 Earth years. , Artur Debat/Getty Images

 

If you ask Elon Musk, private space travel could be a reality in the
next year, and a self-sustaining city on Mars is not far off. In the
meantime, planetary scientist Kevin Cannon and his colleagues at the
University of Central Florida are less concerned with the Starship
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that will launch passengers into orbit and more interested in how to
feed a potential human settlement on Mars. In their recent paper
“Feeding One Million People on Mars
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and Daniel Britt modeled a path toward self-sufficiency for one
million settlers over the course of 100 Earth years—taking into
account caloric intake per person, imported food in the early years,
and necessary infrastructure, like pressurized food production
facilities and underground tunnels for growing plants with LED
lighting and sunlight piped in.

_Smithsonian_ magazine spoke to Cannon about their detailed vision.

WHAT INSPIRED YOU TO CONSIDER FEEDING ONE MILLION PEOPLE ON MARS?

I've been working on a lot of projects related to space resources, so
using local materials on the moon or Mars to support exploration and
development of space. If you think about the consumables you would
need for humans, you're looking at oxygen, water, construction
material and food. And what we realized is that the food is one of the
most challenging things to produce on the surface of Mars and that
it's going to take a lot of processing. In our opinion, people really
weren't thinking big enough.


HOW DID YOU COME UP WITH NUMBERS—LIKE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AND CALORIC
INTAKE—FOR THE STUDY?

The million people, that's kind of an arbitrary figure based on some
stuff that Elon Musk has talked about for his aspirational goals, so
we just chose that as a baseline. For the specific numbers in the
study, we took a lot from data on Earth. For example, we looked at how
many calories the average person eats per day and then scaled that
based on a person's age and activity level. In this computer model, we
actually represent a population of people, so we had a 50/50 mix of
males and females and we had an age structure. Of course, children
consume a lot less calories than older people. That’s all taken into
account in our modeling.

WHAT PRACTICAL FACTORS DID YOU CONSIDER WHEN THINKING ABOUT FOOD
PRODUCTION ON MARS?

What turns out to be the real limiting factor is the amount of land
that you require. The reason why that's so important on Mars is that
when you think about land, you're really talking about building an
enclosed structure. You have to pressurize it, you have to heat it and
you have to light it to protect against the Martian environment.
There's almost no atmosphere. It's very cold. So, land turns out to be
the most important driver. The more land you have to use to grow food,
then the more construction, the more power, et cetera.

HOW DID YOU DETERMINE WHICH FOOD SOURCES WOULD BE WELL-SUITED FOR LIFE
ON MARS?


We looked at this in a very general way. We thought, okay, let's
start from plants, because that's what most people assumed in the past
when they thought about what people would be eating on space missions.
And let's go a little bit beyond that to some protein sources. So, we
looked at what's being done on Earth and we honed in on insect-based
foods that turned out to be very efficient for Mars, as well as what's
called cellular agriculture. That’s this idea of growing meat from
cells in these large bioreactors. It’s something that's actually
coming a lot sooner than people think on Earth, and it's very
well-adapted for producing food in space.


HOW DOES CELLULAR AGRICULTURE WORK?

The way it works is that you take cells from an animal—you can
really use any animal, but people are starting with chickens, cows,
the familiar things. You extract those cells and then you basically
grow them in a nutrient solution. This could be done in a big,
stainless steel tank and it almost would look more like brewing beer
than a traditional farm. What people are really working on now is to
try to get the texture right by building up those cells in some kind
of scaffold that gives you the texture of different meats. But the
whole point is it's a much more sustainable way of producing animal
protein, and it's much more ethical because it doesn't involve raising
animals in questionable conditions.

COULD YOU ELABORATE A BIT MORE ON THE INSECT PROTEIN?

In North America and in Europe, it's not really part of our culture or
diet. But if you look more broadly, I think something like 2 billion
people eat insects as part of their diet on a regular basis. It turns
out to be a very good source of protein and again, it's much more
sustainable. It doesn't require a lot of land or a lot of water
compared to factory farming practices. Of course, there is a little
bit of a gross factor. But people can, for example, grind up crickets
into flour and then put them into cookies or chips or things like
that, so you can hide them and get away from just chomping down on
whole insects.




WHAT KIND OF FRUITS OR VEGETABLES WOULD BE ON THE MENU?

If you look at what's being done in space right now, the astronauts
have a little garden where they're able to grow things like lettuce,
tomatoes and peppers. Of course, those foods are valuable for things
like vitamins and the psychological benefit of being able to grow your
own vegetables. But you're not going to be able to feed a large
population on those very low-calorie vegetables, so you're really
going to have to look at things like corn, wheat and soy that are
dense enough in calories to support a growing population.

WHAT KINDS OF TECHNOLOGIES DID YOU FIND WERE BEST SUITED FOR FOOD
PRODUCTION ON MARS?

One of the important things is that you would want your food
production to be as automated as possible because that would free up
people's time to do more important things. A lot of companies are
working on that on Earth, trying to integrate robots into farming
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and insect production. I think the other thing that's going to be
important is genetic modification, particularly with the plant
species, to find ways to improve strains of crops and make them more
resilient to grow in a harsh environment on Mars. Right now, the most
promising thing would be something like CRISPR, which has kind of
taken over the biology world. Already, there's been a few studies that
have used CRISPR to rapidly modify the genomes of specific plant
species. So, I think that in particular has the most promise for
making Mars-specific strains of crops.

WHAT ARE SOME OTHER CHALLENGES POSED BY THE CONDITIONS ON MARS?

One thing we looked at was whether it makes sense to grow plants in
greenhouses on the surface. Whenever you see an artist sketch of a
Mars base, you always see greenhouses everywhere. But what we found is
that you really just don't get enough sunlight at the surface of Mars
because it's farther away from the sun. Your incident sunlight is
basically what you would get in Alaska, and there's a reason why we
don't grow corn and wheat in Alaska. They're growing at more southern
latitudes. So, it turns out that something like a greenhouse might
actually not make sense on Mars. You might be better off growing the
plants and producing other foods in tunnels underground, for example.

 WHERE WOULD THE WATER COME FROM?

We have a pretty good handle on where the water is on Mars. It's
mostly locked up as ice underground and it's also found in certain
minerals. For things like clays and salts, where the water is actually
embedded in the mineral structure, you could heat those up and
evaporate the water off. Once you extract that water, it's pretty easy
to recycle water fairly efficiently. I think on the space station,
something like 97 percent of the water is recaptured and reused.
It’s obviously an engineering challenge to mine that water in the
first place, but then once you have a reservoir built up, you should
be able to recycle it fairly efficiently in this closed ecosystem that
you construct.

BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY, WOULD YOU ADVOCATE FOR A HUMAN
SETTLEMENT ON MARS?

Yes, and I think if we look at what particularly SpaceX
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is doing, they're already building the ships that are going to take
cargo and then people to Mars. We’re already kind of set down that
path, and the question is going to be: who goes? Is this going to be
space agencies? Is it going to be tourists? And how is a settlement or
a city going to build up? But I think it is definitely something
that's feasible in the near term.

HOW COULD THIS KNOWLEDGE APPLY TO LIFE ON EARTH?

It’s almost a coincidence that the constraints that Mars imposes on
you—the lack of atmosphere, the cold—force you to produce food in
a way that is more sustainable than what we do on Earth. So, moving
away from factory farming, moving away from large scale production of
dairy and animal protein and thinking about these alternatives, like
insects and cellular agriculture, all of those practices are more
sustainable than what we're currently doing on Earth.

There’s kind of a spin-off, in that developing this stuff for Mars
can help us move to a more responsible way of producing food on
Earth.


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