Alexander Hamilton may have thought them the least dangerous branch, but we at Ballotpedia think federal courts are the most exciting!
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Welcome to the October 14 edition of _Bold Justice_, Ballotpedia's newsletter about the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) and other judicial happenings around the U.S. We're all brimming with excitement for the start of the new term! If you are, too, follow us on Twitter ([link removed]) or subscribe to the Daily Brew ([link removed]) for the most up-to-date political information.
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[We #SCOTUS so you don't have to]

 
** ARGUMENTS
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The Supreme Court will hear arguments in four cases this week. Click here ([link removed]) to read more about SCOTUS' current term.

In its October 2018 term ([link removed]) , SCOTUS heard arguments in 69 cases. Click here ([link removed]) to read more about SCOTUS' previous term.

Click the links below to read more about the specific cases SCOTUS will hear this week:

 
** OCTOBER 15
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* Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico v. Aurelius Investment, LLC ([link removed]) , concerns the U.S. Constitution's Appointments Clause ([link removed]) . The case is consolidated with _Aurelius Investment, LLC v. Puerto Rico_, _Official Committee of Debtors v. Aurelius Investment, LLC_, _United States v. Aurelius Investment, LLC_, and _UTIER v. Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico_.

In 2016, Congress enacted the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act. The act created the Financial Oversight and Management Board and authorized the board to begin debt adjustment proceedings on behalf of the Puerto Rico government. After the board began proceedings in 2017, Aurelius Investment, LLC, ("Aurelius") and the Unión de Trabajadores de la Industria Eléctrica y Riego ("UTIER") challenged the board's authority in U.S. District Court, arguing the board members' appointment violated the Constitution’s Appointments Clause. The District of Puerto Rico ruled against Aurelius and UTIER. On appeal, the 1st Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the district court in part, holding the board members "must be, and were not, appointed in compliance with the Appointments Clause."

THE ISSUE: Whether the Appointments Clause governs the appointment of members of the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico.

 
** OCTOBER 16
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* In Kansas v. Garcia ([link removed]) , Ramiro Garcia, Donaldo Morales, and Guadalupe Ochoa-Lara were convicted of identity theft in Johnson County, Kansas. In each case, prosecutors used Social Security numbers found on I-9 and W-4 employment forms. Garcia, Morales, and Ochoa-Lara appealed their convictions, arguing the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) preempted their prosecution. On appeal, the Kansas Supreme Court reversed the three convictions.

THE ISSUE: (1) Whether IRCA expressly preempts states from using any information entered on or appended to a federal Form I-9. This includes common information such as name, date of birth, and Social Security number, in a prosecution of any person (citizen or alien) when that same, commonly used information also appears in non-IRCA documents, such as state tax forms, leases, and credit applications. (2) Whether the Immigration Reform and Control Act indirectly preempts Kansas' prosecution of Garcia, Morales, and Ochoa-Lara.

* In Rotkiske v. Klemm ([link removed]) , Kevin Rotkiske accumulated credit card debt between 2003 and 2005. Rotkiske's bank referred the matter to Klemm & Associates (Klemm) for collection. Someone accepted service for a debt collection lawsuit on Rotkiske's behalf without his knowledge. Klemm obtained a default judgment of approximately $1,500. Rotkiske sued Klemm for violating the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), arguing the statute of limitations to file a suit begins when the plaintiff knows of his injury. On appeal, the 3rd Circuit rejected Rotkiske's argument, affirming the ruling of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and holding that the statute of limitations begins to run when the defendant allegedly violates the FDCPA.

THE ISSUE: Whether the one-year limitation period on a statute of limitations begins to run when a potential plaintiff violates the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, as the 3rd Circuit has held, or begins to run when a potential plaintiff discovers a violation, as the 4th and 9th Circuits have held.

* In _https://go.ballotpedia.org/e/481201/Mathena-v--Malvo--Mathena/svykq/279283193?h=VsMyiQIh0xPfcT6bhJggd2KMmJ3FKn9slZ1UJR0wGgM v. Malvo_, Lee Boyd Malvo was convicted in 2004 of committing homicides in 2002, when he was 17 years old. Malvo was sentenced to four life terms without parole. In 2012, SCOTUS held in_ __Miller v. Alabama_ that juvenile defendants could not be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. In 2016, SCOTUS held in ___Montgomery v. Louisiana_ that the rule it established in ___Miller_ was retroactive. _

_After Malvo filed applications for writs of habeas corpus relief, the district court vacated the four terms of life imprisonment and remanded the case for resentencing. On appeal, the 4th Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling._

_THE ISSUE: Did the 4th Circuit err in concluding—in direct conflict with Virginia's highest court and other courts—that a juvenile sentenced to life without parole is entitled to a new sentencing proceeding following SCOTUS' 2016 decision in ___Montgomery v. Louisiana_?

 
** UPCOMING SCOTUS DATES
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Here are the upcoming dates of interest in October:

* October 15: 

* SCOTUS will hear arguments in one case.
* SCOTUS will release orders.

* October 16: SCOTUS will hear arguments in three cases.
* October 18: SCOTUS will conference. A conference is a private meeting of the justices.
* October 21: SCOTUS will release orders.

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[SCOTUS trivia]

Parties petition SCOTUS to hear a case if they are not satisfied with a lower court's decision. What do the parties petition the court to grant?

* A writ of certiorari ([link removed])
* A writ of habeas corpus ([link removed])
* A preliminary injunction ([link removed])
* Summary judgment ([link removed])

Choose an answer to find out!

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[Federal Court action]

 
** CONFIRMATIONS
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The Senate has not confirmed any nominees since our October 7 issue. 

The Senate has confirmed 152 of President Trump’s judicial nominees—105 district court judges, 43 appeals court judges, two Court of International Trade judges, and two Supreme Court justices—since January 2017.

 
** NOMINATIONS
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President Trump has not announced any new Article III ([link removed]) nominees since our October 7 edition.

The president has announced 224 Article III ([link removed]) judicial nominations since taking office Jan. 20, 2017. The president named 69 judicial nominees in 2017 and 92 in 2018. For more information on the president’s judicial nominees, click here ([link removed]) .

 
** [link removed]

VACANCIES
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The federal judiciary currently has 107 vacancies. As of publication, there were 40 pending nominations.

According to the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts ([link removed]) , an additional 16 judges have announced their intention to leave active judicial status during Trump’s first term.

For more information on judicial vacancies during Trump's first term, click here ([link removed]) .

 
** VACANCIES ON THE CIRCUIT COURTS
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The following table lists the number of vacancies on the United States Court of Appeals from President Trump's inauguration to the date of publication.

 
** COMMITTEE ACTION
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The Senate Judiciary Committee ([link removed]) has not reported any new nominees out of committee since our October 7 edition.

Do you love judicial nomination, confirmation, and vacancy information? We figured you might. Our monthly Federal Vacancy Count ([link removed]) , published at the start of each month, monitors all the faces and places moving in, moving out, and moving on in the federal judiciary. Click here ([link removed]) for our most current count.

Need a daily fix of judicial nomination, confirmation, and vacancy information? Click here ([link removed]) for continuing updates on the status of all federal judicial nominees.

Or, if you prefer, we also maintain a list of individuals ([link removed]) President Trump has nominated.

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[A judge you oughta know]

In each issue of Bold Justice, we highlight a federal court you should know more about. Right now, we’re taking a closer look at the 94 U.S. District Courts ([link removed]) . The district courts are the general trial courts of the U.S. federal court system.

There is at least one judicial district for each state, and one each for Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia.  

In this edition, we're placing a spotlight on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York ([link removed]) . The Northern District of New York has original jurisdiction over cases filed in the following counties in the northern part of the state:

* Albany County
* Broome County
* Cayuga County
* Chenango County
* Clinton County
* Columbia County
* Cortland County
* Delaware County
* Essex County
* Franklin County
* Fulton County
* Greene County
* Hamilton County
* Herkimer County
* Jefferson County
* Lewis County

* Madison County
* Montgomery County
* Oneida County
* Onondaga County
* Oswego County
* Otsego County
* Rensselaer County
* Saratoga County
* Schenectady County
* Schoharie County
* St. Lawrence County
* Tioga County
* Tompkins County
* Ulster County
* Warren County
* Washington County

Decisions of the court may be appealed to the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals ([link removed]) .

The Northern District of New York has five authorized judgeships. There is currently one vacancy. The breakdown of current active judges by appointing president is:

* Barack Obama (D): Two judges
* George W. Bush (R): One judge
* Bill Clinton (D): One judge

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[Looking ahead]

_Bold Justice_ will be back November 4 with more information on SCOTUS and the federal judiciary.

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