Alexander Hamilton may have thought them the least dangerous branch, but we at Ballotpedia think federal courts are the most exciting!
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Welcome to the October 7 edition of _Bold Justice_, Ballotpedia's newsletter about the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) and other judicial happenings around the U.S. We're all brimming with excitement for the start of the new term! If you are, too, follow us on Twitter ([link removed]) or subscribe to the Daily Brew ([link removed]) for the most up-to-date political information.

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[We #SCOTUS so you don't have to]

 
** ARGUMENTS
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The Supreme Court will hear arguments in five cases this week. Click here ([link removed]) to read more about SCOTUS' current term.

In its October 2018 term ([link removed]) , SCOTUS heard arguments in 69 cases. Click here ([link removed]) to read more about SCOTUS' previous term.

Click the links below to read more about the specific cases SCOTUS will hear this week:

 
** OCTOBER 7
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* In Kahler v. Kansas ([link removed]) _, _James Kahler was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. According to Oyez ([link removed]) , Kansas law prohibits a jury from considering mental disorders as a criminal defense "insofar as it shows 'that the defendant lacked the mental state required as an element of the offense charged.'"

On appeal, Kahler argued the prosecution violated his right to a fair trial. The Kansas Supreme Court rejected Kahler's argument, affirming his conviction and sentence. Kahler appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing Kansas law violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments and the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process guarantee.

THE ISSUE: Do the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments permit a state to abolish the insanity defense?

* _Peter ([link removed]) v. NantKwest ([link removed]) _ concerns whether applicants challenging a patent rejection under Section 145 of the U.S. Patent Act (35 U.S.C. § 145) must pay attorneys' fees for the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO).

Section 145 authorizes an applicant to challenge the PTO's rejection of a patent application in federal district court. The law stipulates, "All the expenses of the proceedings shall be paid by the applicant."

The PTO rejected Dr. Hans Klingemann and NantKwest, Inc.'s, patent application. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board affirmed the rejection. Klingemann challenged the rejection under 35 U.S.C. § 145 in federal district court. The district court and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the PTO's patent rejection.

The PTO filed a motion for reimbursement of attorneys' fees under § 145, which the district court denied. On appeal, a divided Federal Circuit panel reversed the district court's judgment. Sitting en banc, the Federal Circuit then vacated the panel's decision and affirmed the district court's initial rejection of the motion for attorneys' fees reimbursement.

The PTO appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing the Federal Circuit's en banc ruling "contravenes the ordinary meaning of 'expenses' and is inconsistent with Section 145’s history and purpose."
_
_THE ISSUE: Whether the phrase "[a]ll the expenses of the proceedings" in 35 U.S.C. 145 encompasses the personnel expenses the USPTO incurs when its employees, including attorneys, defend the agency in Section 145 litigation.

* In Ramos v. Louisiana ([link removed]) , Evangelisto Ramos was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on a 10 to 12 jury verdict. He appealed his conviction to the Louisiana Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal, arguing his conviction by a non-unanimous jury violated his federal constitutional rights. The court of appeal affirmed Ramos' conviction and sentence. The Louisiana Supreme Court denied review._
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_THE ISSUE: Whether the Fourteenth Amendment fully incorporates the Sixth Amendment guarantee of a unanimous verdict?

OCTOBER 8

* _Bostock ([link removed]) v. Clayton County, Georgia ([link removed]) _ is consolidated with Altitude Express Inc. v. Zarda ([link removed]) .

Gerald Bostock was an employee of Clayton County, Georgia. After his employment was terminated, Bostock sued the county for discrimination because of sexual orientation. Bostock argued his termination violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The federal district court dismissed the case and, on appeal, the 11th Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling.

THE ISSUE: Whether discrimination against an employee because of sexual orientation constitutes prohibited employment discrimination "because of ... sex" within the meaning of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2.

* In _https://go.ballotpedia.org/e/481201/is-Funeral-Homes-v--EEOC--R-G-/shb76/275348295?h=AacKvu3J6RL-KAOE0bGztZ1LzlCul_n13hkN_CGSsaM & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes v. EEOC_ also concerns Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Aimee Stephens, an employee at R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes, Inc., was born biologically male. Stephens' employment was terminated after she informed the funeral home's owner that she would transition from male to female. Stephens filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which charged the funeral home with violating Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The district court granted summary judgment to the funeral home. On appeal, the 6th Circuit reversed the district court's ruling and granted summary judgment to the EEOC.

THE ISSUE: Whether Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people based on (1) their status as transgender or (2) sex stereotyping under ___Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins_.

 
** UPCOMING SCOTUS DATES
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Here are the upcoming dates of interest in October:

* October 7: 

* SCOTUS will hear arguments in three cases.
* SCOTUS will release orders.

* October 8: SCOTUS will hear arguments in two cases.
* October 11: SCOTUS will conference. A conference is a private meeting of the justices.

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[SCOTUS trivia]

When does the U.S. Supreme Court's yearly term begin?

* Always on October 1 ([link removed])
* Always on October 7 ([link removed])
* The first Monday in October ([link removed])
* Whenever the justices determine summer is over and decide to reconvene ([link removed])

Choose an answer to find out!

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[Federal Court action]

 
** CONFIRMATIONS
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The Senate has confirmed six nominees since our September 9 issue. 

* Steven Seeger ([link removed]) , confirmed to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois ([link removed]) . After he received his judicial commission, the court had:

* Three vacancies.
* Six Republican and 13 Democratic presidential appointees.

* Mary McElroy ([link removed]) , confirmed to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island ([link removed]) . After she received her judicial commission, the court had:

* No vacancies.
* Two Republican and one Democratic presidential appointees.

* Stephanie Gallagher ([link removed]) , confirmed to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland ([link removed]) . After she received her judicial commission, the court had:

* No vacancies.
* Two Republican and eight Democratic presidential appointees.

* Steven Grimberg ([link removed]) , confirmed to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ([link removed]) . After he received his judicial commission, the court had:

* No vacancies.
* Five Republican and six Democratic presidential appointees.

* Ada Brown ([link removed]) , confirmed to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas ([link removed]) . After she received her judicial commission, the court had:

* No vacancies.
* Ten Republican and two Democratic presidential appointees.

* Stephanie Haines ([link removed]) , confirmed to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania ([link removed]) . After she received her judicial commission, the court had:

* Three vacancies.
* Five Republican and two Democratic presidential appointees.

The Senate has confirmed 152 of President Trump’s judicial nominees—105 district court judges, 43 appeals court judges, two Court of International Trade judges, and two Supreme Court justices—since January 2017.

 
** NOMINATIONS
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President Trump announced 23 new Article III ([link removed]) nominees since our September 9 edition.

* Danielle Hunsaker ([link removed]) of Oregon to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ([link removed]) .
* William Nardini ([link removed]) of Connecticut to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit ([link removed]) .
* Fernando Aenlle-Rocha ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ([link removed]) .
* Adam Braverman ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California ([link removed]) .
* Silvia Carreno-Coll ([link removed]) of Puerto Rico to the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico ([link removed]) .
* John Gallagher ([link removed]) of Pennsylvania to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania ([link removed]) .
* Barbara Bailey Jongbloed ([link removed]) of Connecticut to the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut ([link removed]) .
* Sandy Nunes Leal ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ([link removed]) .
* Shireen Matthews ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California ([link removed]) .
* Rick Richmond ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ([link removed]) .
* Daniel Traynor ([link removed]) of North Dakota to the U.S. District Court for the District of North Dakota ([link removed]) .
* Cory Wilson ([link removed]) of Mississippi to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi ([link removed]) .
* Barbara Lagoa ([link removed]) of Florida to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit ([link removed]) .
* Robert J. Luck ([link removed]) of Florida to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit ([link removed]) .
* Sherri Lydon ([link removed]) of South Carolina to the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina ([link removed]) .
* Scott Rash ([link removed]) of Arizona to the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona ([link removed]) .
* Todd Robinson ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California ([link removed]) .
* Patrick Bumatay ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ([link removed]) .
* Lawrence VanDyke ([link removed]) of Nevada to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ([link removed]) .
* John Holcomb ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ([link removed]) .
* Knut Johnson ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California ([link removed]) .
* Steve Kim ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ([link removed]) .
* Michelle Pettit ([link removed]) of California to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California ([link removed]) .

The president has announced 222 Article III ([link removed]) judicial nominations since taking office Jan. 20, 2017. The president named 69 judicial nominees in 2017 and 92 in 2018. For more information on the president’s judicial nominees, click here ([link removed]) .

 
** [link removed]

VACANCIES
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The federal judiciary currently has 107 vacancies. As of publication, there were 40 pending nominations.

According to the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts ([link removed]) , an additional 13 judges have announced their intention to leave active judicial status during Trump’s first term.

For more information on judicial vacancies during Trump's first term, click here ([link removed]) .

 
** COMMITTEE ACTION
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The Senate Judiciary Committee ([link removed]) did not report any new nominees out of committee since our September 9 edition.

Do you love judicial nomination, confirmation, and vacancy information? We figured you might. Our monthly Federal Vacancy Count ([link removed]) , published at the start of each month, monitors all the faces and places moving in, moving out, and moving on in the federal judiciary. Click here ([link removed]) for our most current count.

Need a daily fix of judicial nomination, confirmation, and vacancy information? Click here ([link removed]) for continuing updates on the status of all federal judicial nominees.

Or, if you prefer, we also maintain a list of individuals ([link removed]) President Trump has nominated.

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[A judge you oughta know]

In each issue of Bold Justice, we highlight a federal court you should know more about. Right now, we’re taking a closer look at the 94 U.S. District Courts ([link removed]) . The district courts are the general trial courts of the U.S. federal court system.

There is at least one judicial district for each state, and one each for Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia.  

In this edition,  we're placing a spotlight on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York ([link removed]) . The Eastern District of New York has original jurisdiction ([link removed]) over cases filed in the following counties in the eastern part of the state of New York.

* Kings County,
* Queens County,
* Richmond County,
* Nassau County, and
* Suffolk County.

Decisions of the court may be appealed to the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals ([link removed]) .

The Eastern District of New York has 15 authorized judgeships. There are currently five vacancies. The breakdown of current active judges by appointing president is:

* Barack Obama (D): Six judges
* George W. Bush (R): Four judges

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[Looking ahead]

_Bold Justice_ will be back October 14 with more information on SCOTUS and the federal judiciary.

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