New research and data for criminal justice reform

Criminal Justice Research Library for May 11, 2021 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 22 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]:

Community Impact [[link removed]] New data: The revolving door between homeless shelters and prisons in Connecticut [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, February, 2021

"1 in 5 people who used homeless shelters in the Connecticut Coalition to End Homelessness' network had been released from prison in the past three years." Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Revisiting and Unpacking the Mental Illness and Solitary Confinement Relationship [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Sonja E. Siennick, Mayra Picon, Jennifer M. Brown & Daniel P. Mears, December, 2020

"Having a mental illness was associated with an increase of up to 170% in the odds of extended solitary confinement, depending on the diagnosis." Crime and Crime Rates [[link removed]] Misdemeanor Prosecution [[link removed]] by Amanda Y. Agan, Jennifer L. Doleac, and Anna Harvey, March, 2021

"We find that, for the marginal defendant, nonprosecution of a nonviolent misdemeanor offense leads to large reductions in the likelihood of a new criminal complaint over the next two years." Death Penalty [[link removed]] Death Penalty Statutes and Murder Rates: Evidence from Synthetic Controls [[link removed]] by Brett Parker, February, 2021

"Applying this technique using seven states that recently abolished the death penalty and twenty-nine states that retained the punishment during the same period, I find no evidence that the presence of a capital punishment statute in a state is sufficient," Drug Policy [[link removed]] Medicaid Expansion Increased Medications For Opioid Use Disorder Among Adults Referred By Criminal Justice Agencies [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Utsha G. Khatri, Benjamin A. Howell, and Tyler N. A. Winkelman, April, 2021

"Receipt of medications for OUD increased more for individuals referred by criminal justice agencies in states that expanded Medicaid compared with those in states that did not." General [[link removed]] Campaign for Criminal Justice Data Modernization: Recommendations From an Expert Roundtable [[link removed]] by Arnold Ventures, April, 2021

"Unfortunately, criminal justice reform is made more difficult by data that is incomplete and fraught with error." Health impact [[link removed]] Prison Population Reductions and COVID-19: A Latent Profile Analysis Synthesizing Recent Evidence From the Texas State Prison System [[link removed]] by Noel Vest, Oshea Johnson, Kathryn Nowotny & Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, December, 2020

"Current prison population and level of employee staffing predicted membership in the high-outbreak and high-death profiles when compared with the low-outbreak profile." Immigration [[link removed]] Immigrant Sanctuary Policies and Crime-Reporting Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis of Reports of Crime Victimization to Law Enforcement, 1980 to 2004 [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Ricardo D. Martinez-Schuldt and Daniel E. Martinez, January, 2021

"We find that Latinos are more likely to report violent crime victimization to law enforcement after sanctuary policies have been adopted within their metropolitan areas of residence." Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] New data on jail populations: The good, the bad, and the ugly [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2021

"While the total jail population dropped by 25% between June 2019 and June 2020, racial disparities increased over the same period." Jails [[link removed]] What Jails Cost: A Look at Spending in America's Large Cities [[link removed]] by Vera Institute of Justice, April, 2021

"Since 2011, jail budgets increased 13 percent--accounting for inflation--while jail populations declined 28 percent." LGBT [[link removed]] Visualizing the unequal treatment of LGBTQ people in the criminal justice system [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2021

"The data is clear: lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ ) people are overrepresented at every stage of criminal justice system, starting with juvenile justice system involvement." Mental Health [[link removed]] Policing and public health calls for service in Philadelphia [[link removed]] by Jerry H. Ratcliffe, March, 2021

"In Philadelphia, at least in a relatively normal (i.e. non-COVID-19) year, calls to the police that start or result in some form of medical/public health connection comprise about 8% of the police activity that originates from the public." Police and Policing [[link removed]] Black and (Thin) Blue (Line): Corruption and Other Political Determinants of Police Killings in America [[link removed]] by Oguzhan C. Dincer and Michael Johnston, February, 2021

"Our evidence suggests that police can kill Black Americans with impunity because of a lack of accountability - exemplified by corruption - that is largely determined by political influences." Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] One Year Later: Bail Reform and Judicial Decision-Making in New York City [[link removed]] by Center for Court Innovation, April, 2021

"Predictably, making more cases newly re-eligible for bail and detention in July increased judges' use of both options." Privatization [[link removed]] It's all about the incentives: Why a call home from a jail in New York State can cost 7 times more than the same call from the state's prisons [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2021

"These exorbitant phone rates cost some the poorest residents of New York State -- and a group disproportionately made up of women of color -- more than $13 million a year just to talk to their jailed loved ones." Probation and parole [[link removed]] Applying Procedural Justice in Community Supervision Assessment of Pilot Testing in the Georgia Department of Community Supervision [[link removed]] by Urban Institute, March, 2021

"The supervisee-level analyses found that supervisees from the training group had significantly fewer arrests, warrants, delinquent reports, and convictions than supervisees from the control group." Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] The American Racial Divide in Fear of the Police [[link removed]] by Justin Pickett, Amanda Graham, and Frank Cullen, April, 2021

"Most Whites felt safe, but most Blacks feared the police even more than crime, being afraid both for themselves and for others they cared about." Research roundup: Violent crimes against Black and Latinx people receive less coverage and less justice [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2021

"In a 2018 Washington Post analysis of nearly 50,000 homicides around the country, the authors found that an arrest was made in 63 percent of murders of white victims, compared to 48 percent of those with Latinx victims and 46 percent with Black victims." Who Controls Criminal Law? Racial Threat and the Adoption of State Sentencing Law, 1975 to 2012 [[link removed]] by Scott W. Duxbury, February, 2021

"Results illustrate that states adopted sentencing laws in direct and indirect response to white public punitive policy support and the size of the black population." Trials [[link removed]] Felony Case Delay in New York City: Lessons from a Pilot Project in Brooklyn [[link removed]] by Center for Court Innovation, March, 2021

"Despite the constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial, in 2019, for indicted felonies, New York City only met the state's standard for a six-month resolution in about a third of cases." Pandemic Caseloads Highlights: Court filings and dispositions 2019-2020 [[link removed]] by Court Statistics Project, March, 2021

"While the number of case filings is expected to return to normal in criminal, traffic, and juvenile over the course of 2021, no surge in cases is expected." Pleading for Justice: Bullpen Therapy, Pre-Trial Detention, and Plea Bargains in American Courts [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Amy E. Lerman, Ariel Lewis Green, and Patricio Dominguez, March, 2021

"In a national sample, defendants held in custody pre-trial are significantly more likely to enter a guilty plea, all else equal." Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

Other news: Slamming the Courthouse Door: 25 years of evidence for repealing the Prison Litigation Reform Act [[link removed]]

For 25 years, the Prison Litigation Reform Act has made it much harder for incarcerated people to file and win federal civil rights lawsuits.

Our new report [[link removed]] makes clear this law should be repealed.

With the majority of corrections officers declining the COVID-19 vaccine, incarcerated people are still at serious risk [[link removed]]

Correctional staff in most states have been eligible for COVID-19 vaccination for months, prioritized ahead of many other groups.

Our new briefing [[link removed]] shows most prison staff have refused to be vaccinated, leaving vast numbers of incarcerated people at unnecessary risk.

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