Alexander Hamilton may have thought them the least dangerous branch, but we at Ballotpedia think federal courts are the most exciting!


[Bold Justice by Ballotpedia]


Welcome to the February 22 edition of Bold Justice ([link removed]) , Ballotpedia’s newsletter about the Supreme Court of the United States ([link removed]) (SCOTUS) and other judicial happenings around the U.S.

Much of the country has been in a deep freeze, but Supreme Court activity is about to heat up! The court will be back in session on Monday, February 22.

Stay up to date on the latest news by following Ballotpediaon Twitter ([link removed]) or subscribing tothe Daily Brew ([link removed]) .
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[We SCOTUS so you don't have to]
The Supreme Court will begin its February sitting ([link removed]) during the week of February 22 via teleconference with live audio. The court is conducting proceedings this way in accordance with public health guidance in response to COVID-19. SCOTUS will hear arguments in 11 cases for a total of six hours of oral argument.

SCOTUS has agreed to hear 63 cases during its 2020-2021 term. Twelve of those were originally scheduled for the 2019-2020 term but were delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic.Click here ([link removed]) to read more about SCOTUS’ current term.

In its 2019-2020 term, SCOTUS heard arguments in 61 cases.Click here ([link removed]) to read more about SCOTUS’ previous term.

Click the links below to read more about the specific cases before SCOTUS during the first week of its February sitting.

FEBRUARY 22

* _https://go.ballotpedia.org/e/481201/Florida-v--Georgia--Florida/38qcts/1055942627?h=MuAScJJwM0eo3GOzunu3tPGxAUNIdhKJpHJtQz-hylI v. Georgia_ concerns the apportionment of waters of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin. It came to the court under itsoriginal jurisdiction ([link removed]) over disputes between states.

In 2013, Florida asked the U.S. Supreme Court for permission to file a complaint, claiming Georgia was using more than its equitable share of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basin waters. Florida claimed its Apalachicola region needed more water to sustain its ecosystems and fishing industries and asked the court to cap Georgia's consumption.

The case was first argued before SCOTUS on January 8, 2018, during theOctober 2017 term ([link removed]) . On June 27, 2018, the court remanded the case back to the lower court in a 5-4 decision written by JusticeStephen Breyer ([link removed]) .Click here ([link removed]) for more information about that ruling.

On October 5, 2020, the court issued an order indicating plans to hear the case "for oral argument in due course" during the 2020-2021 term ([link removed]) . On December 31, 2020, the court scheduled the case's second argument for February 22, 2021.

THE QUESTIONS PRESENTED: Is Florida entitled to equitable use of the ACF River Basin waters and should its request for an injunction to force Georgia to allow an adequate flow of freshwater be sustained?

NOTE: Trump v. Sierra Club ([link removed]) was removed from the argument calendar after the court granted the Biden administration’s request to do so, pending further briefings on the Biden administration’s policy changes related to the government’s arguments in the case.

FEBRUARY 23

* _https://go.ballotpedia.org/e/481201/Barr-v--Dai--Barr/38qcv6/1055942627?h=MuAScJJwM0eo3GOzunu3tPGxAUNIdhKJpHJtQz-hylI v. Dai_ (Consolidated with Barr v. Alcaraz-Enriquez) concerns theImmigration and Nationality Act ([link removed]) (INA). Specifically, the credibility of an immigrant's testimony before animmigration judge ([link removed]) , the Board of Immigration Appeals, andU.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal ([link removed]) .

The case originated in theU.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ([link removed]) and was consolidated with _Barr v. Alcaraz-Enriquez_. Both cases involve immigrants—Ming Dai, a native and citizen of China, and Cesar Alcaraz-Enriquez, a native and citizen of Mexico—who appealed their deportation orders. Immigration judges ruled against halting the deportations. In each case, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) upheld the immigration judges' decisions. Dai and Alcaraz-Enriquez appealed to the 9th Circuit.

In _Barr v. Dai_, the 9th Circuit overturned the BIA and the immigration judge's ruling, concluding Dai was entitled to withholding of removal proceedings. In _Barr v. Alcaraz-Enriquez_, the 9th Circuit granted the appeal in part and remanded the case to the BIA to reconsider Alcaraz-Enriquez's withholding of removal claim. The U.S. government appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

The questions presented ([link removed]) : "1. Whether a court of appeals may conclusively presume that an asylum applicant's testimony is credible and true whenever an immigration judge or the Board of Immigration Appeals adjudicates an application without making an explicit adverse credibility determination.

“2. Whether the court of appeals violated the remand rule as set forth in _INS v. Ventura_, 537 U.S. 12 (2002) (_per curiam_), when it determined in the first instance that respondent was eligible for asylum and entitled to withholding of removal."

FEBRUARY 24

* Lange v. California ([link removed]) concerns theFourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ([link removed]) and police entry into a private residence without a warrant. The case originated from theCalifornia First District Court of Appeal ([link removed]) .

In Sonoma, California, Arthur Lange was driving home. California highway patrol officer Aaron Weikert pursued Lange to conduct a traffic stop and followed him to his home. Once Lange pulled into his driveway, Weikert activated his overhead lights. Lange alleged he did not see Weikert and closed his garage door behind him. Weikert entered the garage, stated he smelled alcohol on Lange's breath and charged Lange with a misdemeanor offense–driving under the influence.

At trial, Lange claimed Weikert's entry into his home violated the Fourth Amendment since Weikert did not have a warrant to enter the home. Lange’s attorney moved to suppress a video recording of the incident. The trial court concluded the officer had probable cause, denied the motion to suppress, and convicted Lange. Later, a civil court ruled Lange's arrest was unlawful and an appellate court ruled the arrest was lawful. On appeal to the California First District Court of Appeal, the court affirmed the conviction.

The question presented ([link removed]) : "Whether the pursuit of a person whom a police officer has probable cause to believe has committed a misdemeanor categorically qualifies as an exigent circumstance sufficient to allow the officer to enter a home without a warrant."


** OPINIONS
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SCOTUS has not issued any additional rulings since our February 8 issue. The court has issued 15 opinions in cases ([link removed]) so far this term. 31 cases are still under deliberation.


** GRANTS
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SCOTUS has not granted review in any additional cases since our February 8 issue.


** UPCOMING SCOTUS DATES
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Here are the court’s upcoming dates of interest:

* February 22:

* SCOTUS will release orders.
* SCOTUS will hear arguments in one case.

* February 23: SCOTUS will hear arguments in two cases.
* February 24: SCOTUS will hear arguments in one case.
* February 26: SCOTUS will conference. A conference is a private meeting of the justices.



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[SCOTUS trivia]
Who is the longest-serving Supreme Court justice to date?

* Hugo Black ([link removed])
* William O. Douglas ([link removed])
* Stephen J. Field ([link removed])
* John Paul Stevens ([link removed])

Choose an answer to find out!


[Federal court action]


** NOMINATIONS AND CONFIRMATIONS
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President Biden announced no new nominees and the U.S. Senate has confirmed no new nominees since our February 8 issue.

President Biden has not yet made any federal judicial nominations during his term.

In comparison to previous presidential administrations, Presidents Donald Trump (R) and George H.W. Bush (R) made their first Article III judicial appointments by June 1 of the first year of their presidencies. Presidents George W. Bush (R) and Ronald Reagan (R) made their first appointments by August 1, and Presidents Barack Obama (D) and Bill Clinton (D) made their first Article III judicial appointments by October 1 of their first years in office. These figures do not include appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court.


** VACANCIES
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The federal judiciary currently has 62 vacancies. As of publication, there were no pending nominations.

For more information on judicial vacancies during Biden’s term, click here ([link removed]) .

Do you love judicial nomination, confirmation, and vacancy information? We figured you might. Our monthly Federal Vacancy Count ([link removed]) , published at the start of each month, monitors all the faces and places moving in, moving out, and moving on in the federal judiciary. Click here ([link removed]) for our most current count.

Need a daily fix of judicial nomination, confirmation, and vacancy information? Click here ([link removed]) for continuing updates on the status of all federal judicial nominees.

Or, if you prefer, we also maintain a list of individuals ([link removed]) nominated by the president.


[Spotlight on presidential nominations]
This edition of _Bold Justice_ marks the beginning of our journey back in time to review federal judicial nomination activity during previous presidential administrations. Today, we’re taking a look at President Donald Trump's (R) judicial nominees ([link removed]) .

During his term of office, President Trump ([link removed]) nominated 274 individuals to federal judgeships. Trump made 245 judicial appointments where the nominee joined the court. Of those appointments, 234 were Article III judges. Among the most notable of these are Supreme Court justicesNeil Gorsuch ([link removed]) ,Brett Kavanaugh ([link removed]) , andAmy Coney Barrett ([link removed]) .

When Trump assumed office in January 2017, he inherited 108 life-term vacancies out of 870 total Article III judgeships (12.41%), the second-highest number of such vacancies since the inauguration of President Bill Clinton ([link removed]) (D) in January 1993. Of his six immediate predecessors, Trump was the only president who inherited avacancy ([link removed]) on theU.S. Supreme Court ([link removed]) . The last president to inherit a SCOTUS vacancy was James Garfield, who took office in 1881.

Of his Article III appointees–not including Supreme Court nominations–Trump appointed 54 judges to the United States Courts of Appeal ([link removed]) , 174 judges to federal district courts ([link removed]) , and three judges to the U.S. Court of International Trade ([link removed]) .


[Looking ahead]
We’ll be back on March 1 with a new edition of Bold Justice ([link removed]) . Until then, gaveling out!


** CONTRIBUTIONS
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Kate Carsella ([link removed]) compiled and edited this newsletter, with contributions from Sara Reynolds and Jace Lington ([link removed]) .


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