Plus: How much have COVID-19 releases changed prison and jail populations?

Prison Policy Initiative updates for February 3, 2021 Showing how mass incarceration harms communities and our national welfare

The Prison Policy Initiative takes accuracy very seriously, but in our rush to make a newsletter version of our research today, we jumbled some of the data about parole hearings in the below table. A corrected version is below. (And as always, a more detailed and visual version [[link removed]] is on our website.) We apologize for the error.

Parole boards approved fewer releases in 2020 than in 2019, despite the raging pandemic [[link removed]] Instead of releasing more people to the safety of their homes, parole boards in many states held fewer hearings and granted fewer approvals during the ongoing, deadly pandemic. [[link removed]]

by Tiana Herring

Prisons have had 10 months to take measures to reduce their populations and save lives amidst the ongoing pandemic. Yet our comparison of 13 states' parole grant rates from 2019 and 2020 reveals that many have failed to utilize parole as a mechanism for releasing more people to the safety of their homes.

In over half of the states we studied — Alabama, Iowa, Michigan, Montana, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina — between 2019 and 2020, there was either no change or a decrease in parole grant rates (that is, the percentage of parole hearings that resulted in approvals).

Granting parole to more people should be an obvious decarceration tool for correctional systems, during both the pandemic and more ordinary times. Since parole is a preexisting system, it can be used to reduce prison populations without requiring any new laws, executive orders, or commutations. And since anyone going before the parole board has already completed their court-ordered minimum sentences, it would make sense for boards to operate with a presumption of release.1

But only 34 states even offer discretionary parole [[link removed]], and those that do are generally not set up to help people earn release [[link removed]]. Parole boards often choose to deny the majority [[link removed]] of those who appear before them.

(The web version of this article [[link removed]] includes a graphic version of the table above. More detail about each state's numbers is available in the caption to the graphic, and in the footnotes at the end of this article.)

We also found that, with the exception of Oklahoma and Iowa, parole boards held fewer hearings in 2020 than in 2019, meaning fewer people had opportunities to be granted parole. This may be in part due to boards being slow or unwilling to adapt to using technology [[link removed]] during the pandemic, and instead postponing hearings for months.

Due to the combined factors of fewer hearings and failures to increase grant rates, only four of the 13 states — Hawaii, Iowa, New Jersey, and South Dakota — actually approved more people for parole in 2020 than in 2019.

Denying people parole during a pandemic only serves to further the spread of the virus both inside and outside of prisons [[link removed]]. As the number of cases and deaths in prisons due to COVID-19 continue to rise, parole boards still have the opportunity to help slow the spread of the virus by releasing more people in 2021.

Footnotes It’s important to note that people released on parole are not truly free, and complete the remainder of their maximum sentences on community supervision. There are many problems with community supervision [[link removed]], including that it sets people up to fail with strict conditions and intense surveillance. But in the context of the pandemic where mitigation efforts like social distancing are virtually impossible [[link removed]] inside of prisons, it is generally safer for people to be released into a flawed community supervision system than to remain behind bars. We calculated Montana’s parole numbers by 2019 and 2020 calendar year, using the official list of decisions [[link removed]] for each month published by the Montana Board of Pardons and Parole. However, the Montana Department of Corrections’ 2021 biennial report [[link removed]] notes the total number of parole hearings, number of approvals, and number of denials, broken down by fiscal year. Here, the DOC reports a much higher grant rate, which we were unable to replicate using the monthly data from the Board of Pardons and Parole. Pennsylvania Act 115 (2019) reduced the number of people eligible for parole hearings by creating presumptive release for some people [[link removed]] serving sentences of two years or less. The Act likely contributed to the drop in parole hearings and approvals in Pennsylvania in 2020. Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

Other news: How much have COVID-19 releases changed prison and jail populations? [[link removed]]

Sharing four new data visualizations and two data tables, we summarize the changes in prison and jail populations in 2020. We conclude that very little of the drop in prison populations was actually due to COVID-19 releases, and that states failed to use every tool they had to depopulate prisons and jails during a deadly pandemic.

See the graphics and read our analysis. [[link removed]]

Decarceration - and support on the outside - is the answer, not therapy behind bars [[link removed]]

We discuss a new report from Professor Susan Sered, which finds little evidence supporting the idea that building new prisons for women will lead to better outcomes, even with gender-responsive and trauma-informed programming.

Read our discussion of the new report. [[link removed]]

Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

Our other newsletters Ending prison gerrymandering ( archives [[link removed]]) Criminal justice research library ( archives) [[link removed]]

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