All the criminal justice research that's fit to print

Criminal Justice Research Library for September 26, 2019 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 27 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: "Get on the Ground!": Policing, Poverty, and Racial Inequality in Tulsa, Oklahoma [[link removed]] by Human Rights Watch, September, 2019

"Our analysis of 2012-2017 data provided by the Tulsa Police Department, shows that black people in Tulsa are 2.7 times more likely to be subjected to physical force by police officers than white people on a per capita basis." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] A Fair Fight: Achieving Indigent Defense Resource Parity [[link removed]] by Brennan Center for Justice, September, 2019

"Chronic underfunding has led to drastic resource disparities between prosecutors and defenders, undermining the very basis of our criminal legal system." Categories: Trials [[link removed]] U.S. Prison Population Trends: Massive Buildup and Modest Decline [[link removed]] by The Sentencing Project, September, 2019

"By yearend 2017, 1.4 million people were imprisoned in the United States, a decline of 7% since the prison population reached its peak level in 2009. This follows a nearly 700% growth in the prison population between 1972 and 2009." Categories: Sentencing Policy and Practices [[link removed]] Raise The Floor: Increasing the Minimum Age of Prosecution of Youth as Adults [[link removed]] by Campaign for Youth Justice, September, 2019

"Efforts by state legislatures to set or raise the minimum age of transfer are critical first steps toward protecting children and youth from a system that was not created to serve or rehabilitate them." Categories: Youth [[link removed]] The Construction and Criminalization of Disability in School Incarceration [[link removed]] by Jyoti Nanda, September, 2019

"For students of color, instead of a designation that attracts more resources, disability is one of the mechanisms through which they are criminalized." Categories: Disability [[link removed]] Education [[link removed]] Fees, Fines and Fairness: How Monetary Charges Drive Inequity in New York City's Criminal Justice System [[link removed]] by New York City Comptroller, September, 2019

"100,000 civil judgments were issued in just one year for failure to pay criminal court debts in New York City, all but criminalizing poverty." Categories: Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] Are a Disproportionate Number of Federal Judges Former Government Advocates? [[link removed]] by The Cato Institute, September, 2019

"The key takeaway is that the federal judiciary is massively tilted in favor of former prosecutors over former criminal defense attorneys, and in favor of advocates for government more generally over advocates for individuals in cases against government." Categories: Trials [[link removed]] The Role of Police Unions in the 21st Century [[link removed]] by Texas Public Policy Foundation, September, 2019

"However, police unions have more recently become involved in policy issues beyond those bounded by typical labor relations--for instance, criminal justice public policy and training; and union involvement can become problematic." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] The 1994 Crime Bill Legacy and Lessons, Part 1: Impacts on Prison Populations [[link removed]] by The Council on Criminal Justice, September, 2019

"Many states, likely encouraged by national-level rhetoric about the wisdom of "tough-on-crime" legislation, adopted their own Truth-in-Sentencing reforms prior to the Crime Bill." Categories: Incarceration Rates Growth Causes [[link removed]] Cashing in on Cruelty: Stories of death, abuse and neglect at the GEO immigration detention facility in Aurora [[link removed]] by ACLU of Colorado, September, 2019

"The decision to stop Mr. Samimi's methadone, and subsequent failure to recognize and treat his withdrawal properly, exposes a critical lack of competency, compassion and proper medical care inside the facility." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Immigration [[link removed]] Free to Drive: States punish poverty by suspending millions of driver's licenses for unpaid fines and fees [[link removed]] by Free to Drive, September, 2019

"44 states and District of Columbia still suspend, revoke or do not allow a person to renew their driver's license if they have unpaid court debt." Categories: Poverty and wealth [[link removed]] The School to Prison Pipeline: Long-Run Impacts of School Suspensions on Adult Crime [[link removed]] by Andrew Bacher-Hicks, Stephen B. Billings, and David J. Deming, August, 2019

"Students who are quasi-randomly assigned to schools with higher conditional suspension rates are significantly more likely to be arrested and incarcerated as adults." Categories: Education [[link removed]] Los Angeles County Office of Diversion and Reentry's Supportive Housing Program A Study of Participants' Housing Stability and New Felony Convictions [[link removed]] by RAND Corporation, August, 2019

"LA County ODR's supportive housing program improved housing stability and reduced criminal justice involvement. 86% had no new felony convictions after 12 months." Categories: Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] The Effect of Public Health Insurance on Criminal Recidivism [[link removed]] by Erkmen Giray Aslim, Murat C. Mungan, Carlos Navarro, and Han Yu, July, 2019

"Exploiting administrative data on prison spells, we show that the ACA Medicaid coverage expansion significantly reduces the probability of returning to prison for violent and public order crimes among multi-time reoffenders." Categories: Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] Health impact [[link removed]] Unlocking the Bar: Expanding Access to the Legal Profession for People with Criminal Records in California [[link removed]] by Stanford Center on the Legal Profession & Stanford Criminal Justice Center, July, 2019

"Successive barriers impede access to California's legal profession for qualified candidates with criminal records." Categories: General [[link removed]] The State of Capital Punishment [[link removed]] by National Conference of State Legislatures, July, 2019

"Increasingly, capital punishment legislation being considered in state legislatures across the nation is focused on concerns over cost, viable methods of execution, intellectual disability, and lengthy trial and appellate procedures." Categories: Death Penalty [[link removed]] The Effect of Sentencing Reform on Crime Rates: Evidence from California's Proposition 47 [[link removed]] by Patricio Dominguez-Rivera, Magnus Lofstrom, and Steven Raphael, July, 2019

"We find little evidence that the changes in correctional populations, arrests, and convictions reclassifications ushered in by California's proposition 47 impacted violent crime rates in the state." Categories: Crime and Crime Rates [[link removed]] When Stop and Frisk Comes Home: Policing Public and Patrolled Housing [[link removed]] by Alexis Karteron, July, 2019

"Largely because of the vast array of behavior that is regulated in public and patrolled housing, law enforcement officers have broad authority to stop, arrest, and search people in and around such locations." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Women in Prison Camp: Judicial Process and Effect on Families [[link removed]] by Capella, June, 2019

"Most women in this study (86%) consider themselves punished predominantly by separation from their families and children. Collateral damage to the families and young children is considered legally permissible and thus remains ignored." Categories: Women [[link removed]] Plus a Life Sentence? Incarceration's Effects on Expected Lifetime Wage Growth [[link removed]] by Theodore S. Corwin III and Daniel K. N. Johnson, June, 2019

"Our work indicates a dampening effect of incarceration on wage growth in the lifetime." Categories: Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] Immigrants' Deportations, Local Crime and Police Effectiveness [[link removed]] by Annie Laurie Hines and Giovanni Peri, June, 2019

We find that Secure Communities-driven increases in deportation rates did not reduce crime rates for violent offenses or property offenses. Categories: Crime and Crime Rates [[link removed]] Immigration [[link removed]] Racial Profiling in Louisiana: Unconstitutional and Counterproductive [[link removed]] by Southern Poverty Law Center, September, 2018

"For example, in 2016, black people were 2.9 times as likely as white people to be arrested for marijuana possession in Louisiana, despite evidence that black people and white people use marijuana at similar rates." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] The impact of residential change and housing stability on recidivism: pilot results from the Maryland Opportunities through Vouchers Experiment (MOVE) [[link removed]] by David S. Kirk, Geoffrey C. Barnes, Jordan M. Hyatt, and Brook W. Kearley, December, 2017

"Rearrest was lower among the treatment group of movers than the non-movers, and was also lower for non-movers who received free housing versus non-movers who did not receive housing." Categories: Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] Louisiana Death-Sentenced Cases and Their Reversals, 1976-2015 [[link removed]] by Frank Baumgartner and Tim Lyman, April, 2016

"No matter the race of the offender, killers of whites are more than six times more likely to receive a death penalty than killers of blacks, and 14 times more likely to be executed." Categories: Death Penalty [[link removed]] Efficiency and Cost: The Impact of Videoconferenced Hearings on Bail Decisions [[link removed]] by Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 2010

"We find a sharp increase in the average amount of bail set in cases subject to the video conferencing, but no change in cases that continued to have live hearings." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Please support our work [[link removed]]

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Prison Policy Initiative at the 2019 American Society of Criminology Conference

Our Research Director, Wendy Sawyer, will be in San Francisco this November 13-16 at the American Society of Criminology Conference. If you live in San Francisco or are visiting for the conference, and would like to discuss new research or possible collaborations with the Prison Policy Initiative, please be in touch.

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