Received this from a friend? SUBSCRIBE [[link removed]] CRITICAL STATE Your weekly foreign policy fix. If you read just one thing …

… read about the nationalism grift.

When far-right parties increase border enforcement in a fruitless attempt to protect domestic employment rates, there is one employment sector that unquestionably benefits: human trafficking. In Belgium, after the far-right NVA party set up a system aimed at keeping Muslim refugees from entering the county, a high-ranking NVA member decided [[link removed]] to take one of those human trafficking jobs for himself. In 2015, when the NVA held the position of state secretary in Belgium, putting them in charge of migration policy, NVA city councilor Melikan Kucam helped the state secretary draw up a list of Syrian Christians who would be allowed into the country, while Muslims would be kept out. Kucam demanded money from refugees in exchange for adding names to the list — sometimes over $9,000 per name. Kucam and his wife and son are now serving prison sentences, but the former state secretary whose policies enabled their scheme is free and will be running to be their party’s vice president this year.

The RPGig economy

Of all the policy innovations US invaders have brought to Afghanistan in the course of its ongoing, two-decade war there, few have been more durable than the concept of war-by-contractor. Tribal conflicts are increasingly [[link removed]] fought not by tribe members themselves, but by stand-ins, paid monthly to contest land disputes between clans in often bloody battles.

A young businessman in Kabul told reporters that he pays $450 per month to his tribe for them to hire someone to fight on his behalf in the tribe’s conflicts in Paktia province. The payments allow him to continue to pursue his career without losing his tribal identity, but they eat up a large proportion of his income.

A young mercenary in Paktia reported that he makes about $400 each month fighting on behalf of a clan member based in Dubai. He is fighting a separate conflict from the civil war between the government and the Taliban that has torn apart the country, but it pays his bills.

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] Constructive dispute resolution

The Chinese government appears to have escalated its territorial dispute with India by building a whole new town inside what the Indian government considers to be its border. Satellite images [[link removed]] show that a village of about 100 homes has popped up on the banks of the Tsari Chu river at some point in the last year.

An Indian media report [[link removed]] has raised alarm over the village, quoting numerous experts who agree that the houses are well within India’s claimed territory. However, as geospatial analyst Nathan Ruser points out [[link removed]], a Chinese military barracks has existed on the site since 2000, suggesting that China has long had de facto control over the area.

To add to the mystery, there is no way that Indian intelligence failed to notice the village being built. Public satellite photos of the area update each year or so, but classified imagery of the disputed zone must be refreshed much more frequently. Despite this, neither the Chinese nor Indian governments have yet commented on the village.

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] DEEP DIVE Political science of the periphery: Part I

You know the state, right? It’s got borders, and a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence within them? On the international stage, it acts on an equal legal basis to all the other states? It has a flag [[link removed]]? Most international politics studies rest on this classical conception of the state, and yet, anyone who actually studies statehood will readily admit that few, if any, states actually meet those definitional requirements. Borders can be fluid, claims to a universal monopoly on force strain credulity, and states are self-evidently unequal in international law — check out who gets seats on the UN Security Council, for starters.

Recognizing this conundrum, political scientists have tried to build other models for understanding how people experience international politics in areas where the classical definition breaks down. One of those places, where we’ll be focusing for the next two editions of Deep Dive, is border areas. On the edges of countries, states tend to get a lot less state-y. A boundary that might be clear when viewed on a map in a national capital can become much fuzzier when you’re actually looking at the mountain range that contains some unmarked border. And the concept of legitimate violence gets complicated in places where smuggling gangs are more capable of providing security to civilians than police. This week and next, we’ll look at new research that considers border areas as distinct political phenomena, related to but different from classical ideas of the state.

A recent article [[link removed]] in the Journal of Latin American Geography uses a border lens to look at the most contemporary of security problems: COVID-19. Oxford political scientists Annette Idler and Markus Hochmüller examined how the unique characteristics of borderlands have affected the course of the pandemic on the Colombian periphery.

Idler and Hochmüller call the reduced state-ness of areas around national borders the “border effect.” The effect increases insecurity in border areas due to a mix of lowered state capacity and high potential illicit gains from cross-border smuggling, but it also creates opportunities for non-state service provision. The pandemic has brought examples of both phenomena. In border areas where non-state armed groups have a bigger footprint and more local legitimacy than state forces, Idler and Hochmüller’s contacts reported some of those groups were enforcing curfews and other public health measures. The National Liberation Army (ELN), a leftist rebel group, even declared a unilateral ceasefire in their war with the Colombian government in order to address the pandemic.

Yet many of these same groups have sought ways to profit from lessened state control during the pandemic. Colombia closed its border with Venezuela in response to the pandemic, despite the fact that thousands of Venezuelans living near the border need to commute into Colombia regularly to work and buy goods. As many as 4,000 Venezuelans are still crossing the border illegally each day, but they must now do so using informal routes that put them at the mercy of non-state armed groups. Checkpoints have sprung up, at which border crossers must pay exorbitant fees to various armed actors, and kidnappings of border crossers is on the rise.

In general, the pandemic has led to an increase in state involvement in most people’s lives. From stay-at-home orders to stimulus checks, citizens have directly felt their government’s responses to the virus. In borderlands like those on the Colombian periphery, the opposite effect can happen. An increase in discussion of state involvement without the capacity to actually extend state power into border areas can lead to those residents feeling even more disconnected from the central state than they did before. That feeling, Idler and Hochmüller argue, is what non-state groups are pursuing in both their positive and negative responses to the pandemic. The more non-state groups shape daily life in this public health crisis, the less people will think of themselves as being members of a classical state when the crisis abates.

LEARN MORE [[link removed]]

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] SHOW US THE RECEIPTS

Bianca Hillier and Omar Duwaji profiled [[link removed]] young Syrian refugees who, having fled fighting, checkpoints, and political power plays in their home country, found a new passion in their adopted Canada: ice hockey. In Newfoundland, refugee kids have taken up the sport as a way to find connection and fun in their communities. For the kids Hillier and Duwaji spoke to, learning to skate and playing with their local teams have made them feel more a part of their new homes.

Jillian LaBranche, Brooke Chambers, and Nikoleta Sremac rejected [[link removed]] widespread characterizations of the Jan. 6 assault on the US capitol as being somehow not reflective of the US. Numerous commentators, including members of Congress, described the scenes as “un-American,” something only seen in the “Third World” and reminiscent of a “banana republic.” Yet those descriptions are both racist and factually inaccurate. Insurrectionist violence is a major part of US history, both at home — from the Civil War to the fall of Reconstruction to uprisings against 20th century civil rights laws — and abroad, where the US has frequently supported anti-democratic insurrections in the very countries commentators were denigrating on Jan. 6.

Amanda McGowan described [[link removed]] the different approaches the US and China have taken to managing the global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. The Trump administration has blocked foreign access to vaccine doses produced in the US. The Chinese government, in contrast, has pledged widespread distribution of a vaccine developed by state drugmaker Sinopharm across Africa and Asia. Questions remain about the efficacy of the Sinopharm vaccine and China’s capacity to make good on its promises, but in the meantime Chinese public health diplomacy is putting the US’ to shame.

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] WELL PLAYED

One more thing challenge coins aren’t [[link removed]] useful for.

In honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a small story [[link removed]] about how one of the many ways the civil rights movement was intertwined with questions of international security.

Musical theater truly is the root of all evil [[link removed]].

Karachi, Pakistan, is rolling [[link removed]] out its newest special police unit: 20 cops carrying automatic weapons while wearing roller blades. Hard to imagine [[link removed]] how this might go wrong!

A correction [[link removed]] for the ages.

We can always rely on airmen to stay laser-focused on the most important issues [[link removed]] of the day.

Senator Susan Collins showed her national security nous by saying that she initially believed [[link removed]] the Jan. 6 attack on the US capitol to be the work of Iran. Her House colleague Marjorie Taylor Greene, however, could be forgiven for thinking Collins is late to the cause of being terrified of Iran. Greene has apparently [[link removed]] been leading that charge for 2,500 years.

Lest it seem that Republicans are the only ones saying stupid things about the Jan. 6 attacks, Rep. Jim Himes said that the attacks were nothing compared [[link removed]] to the threat posed by some kind of severely overcrowded ISIS hype house.

You can laugh [[link removed]] at the name, but if Brexit is anything to go by, it does seem like spreadsheets could play a major role in achieving Scottish independence.

If Scotland does break away from the UK, the area in which Britons are allowed to carry ham sandwiches may shrink [[link removed]] even further.

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] Follow The World: DONATE TO THE WORLD [[link removed]] Follow Inkstick: DONATE TO INKSTICK [[link removed]]

Critical State is written by Sam Ratner and is a collaboration between The World and Inkstick Media.

The World is a weekday public radio show and podcast on global issues, news and insights from PRX and GBH.

With an online magazine and podcast featuring a diversity of expert voices, Inkstick Media is “foreign policy for the rest of us.”

Critical State is made possible in part by the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Preferences [link removed] | Web Version [link removed] Unsubscribe [link removed]