CEP-EPC Report Calls for Pan-EU Policy for Return of Foreign Terrorist Fighters
On November 9, CEP and the European Policy Centre (EPC) held a webinar


<[link removed]>
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CEP Roundup

Resources And Updates From The Counter Extremism Project

Islamist Extremism

 

CEP-EPC Report Calls for Pan-EU Policy for Return of Foreign Terrorist Fighters

<[link removed]>
On November 9, CEP and the European Policy Centre (EPC) held a webinar and
launched their collaborative publication,Marching home? Why repatriating
foreign terrorist fighters is a pan-European priority
<[link removed]>
. The report examines the multiple challenges of repatriating foreign terrorist
fighters (FTFs) and the varying approaches taken by France, Germany, the United
Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden and Kosovo towards hundreds of their citizens
who joined ISIS and are now languishing in overcrowded, insecure and dangerous
prisons and refugee camps in Syria and Iraq. The report’s authors, CEP Senior
Advisor Ian Acheson and EPC Senior Policy Analyst Amanda Paul, point out the
national security, legal and moral implications of governments’ ‘bunker
mentality’ approach and lay out a concrete set of recommendations for an
operational response to FTFs that ensures public safety, accountability through
the criminal justice system, and rehabilitation. Media coverage:The Times
<[link removed]>,
Daily Express
<[link removed]>,
Euractiv
<[link removed]>
.

 

Wave Of Terror Attacks In Austria And France Rock Europe
<[link removed]>
Major European cities experienced a wave of devastating terrorist attacks in
October and November, highlighting the continuing threat extremists pose to
Europe. On November 2 in Vienna,Austria
<[link removed]>, a 21-year-old
Austrian-North Macedonian dual citizen, Kujtim Fejzulai, attacked the city’s
popular nightlife area with an automatic rifle, a handgun, and a machete,
killing four and wounding 23. Fejzulai was killed by police. The Vienna attack
came on the heels of a grisly October 29knife attack
<[link removed]>
that killed three at the Notre Dame Basilica in Nice,France
<[link removed]>. The attack came one day
afterISIS <[link removed]> released a
video titled, “Defend him [Prophet Muhammad] by striking [their] heads,” on
Telegram and 13 days after French middle school teacherSamuel Paty
<[link removed]>
, 47, was killed in Paris after showing caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad as
part of a lesson on free speech. Media coverage:AFP
<[link removed]>
,The National
<[link removed]>
,WTOP
<[link removed]>
,TVA Nouvelles
<[link removed]>
,L’Orient Le Jour
<[link removed]>
,The National
<[link removed]>
.
DONATE
<[link removed]>
Gradualists to Jihadists – Islamist Narratives in the West
<[link removed]>
Individuals and groups adhering to militant Islamism, a political ideology
underpinned by a strict and literalist interpretation of religion, have claimed
tens of thousands of lives around the world. This paper considers the four main
narratives consistently deployed by both “non-violent” and violent Islamist
(Jihadist) movements: (1) Enmity for the West, (2) An Islamic State, (3) War on
Islam, and (4) Communities Under Siege. While accepting the religious
underpinnings of Islamist and Jihadist ideology,Gradualists to Jihadists –
Islamist Narratives in the West
<[link removed]>
, argues that these narratives are inherently political and that Islamism
should be treated in a policy sense as a political ideology like any other.
Study author, CEP London-Based Advisor Liam Duffy, also notes that because the
narratives are commonly used by both violent and non-violent Islamist groups,
the language of jihadists has entered the mainstream and been introduced to
much wider audiences than would otherwise be possible, presenting a
radicalization risk. Duffy presented his findings during awebinar
<[link removed]> on December 10.
He also facilitated awebinar <[link removed]> on
December 14 to further discuss Islamist movements in Europe with Sir John
Jenkins, former U.K. ambassador to Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Saudi Arabia who led
the U.K. government review into the Muslim Brotherhood, and Caroline Fourest,
French commentator, writer, director, and formerCharlie Hebdo columnist.

 

CEE Activities of the Muslim Brotherhood: Czech Republic, Poland, and Serbia
<[link removed]>
The presence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has
for a long time remained an understudied issue due to a lack of available open
data. CEP, in partnership with GLOBSEC, is contributing to a wider
understanding of the Muslim Brotherhood’s organizational structures and
activities in the CEE region and has been mapping its efforts in a selection of
countries. In the first report,CEE activities of the Muslim Brotherhood:
Mapping the Ikhwan’s presence in the region
<[link removed]>
, the authors presented the cases of five countries in the CEE region, each
representing a different landscape in which the movement could operate. The
second report,Activities of the Muslim Brotherhood: Czech Republic, Poland,
Serbia
<[link removed]>
, focused on the specific characteristics of these three countries and was
launched with a webinar on September 23.



Ambassador Mark D. Wallace: “France’s problem with Islamist extremism must be
fought on the ground and online”
<[link removed]>
CEP CEO Ambassador Mark D. Wallace observes that the power of online platforms
to radicalize and incite violence makes it difficult for governments to enact
measures to prevent attacks like the tragic murder of French schoolteacher
Samuel Paty on October 16 in a suburb of Paris: “The internet has become the
home of today’s Islamists. It is easy, it targets people in their homes and can
reach millions within minutes. Online platforms are misused by propagandists to
target those most vulnerable to extremist messaging.”



Ian Acheson: “Are we any closer to stopping the next Usman Khan?”
<[link removed]->
Professor Ian Acheson, a CEP senior advisor, announced on November 27 that in
association with the University of Staffordshire, CEP will carry out a
year-long study into the phenomenon of ‘disguised compliance,’ or ‘deception’
in terrorist offenders: “We need better ways, systems and people to
authenticate the motives of dangerous, sophisticated and charismatic terrorists
on either side of the prison walls. We can’t always be right – but I believe
passionately that we can be much better.” Media coverage:Scienmag
<[link removed]>,
EurekAlert <[link removed]>,
7th Space
<[link removed]>
,Keep the Faith
<[link removed]>
.

 

Hans-Jakob Schindler, Radoslaw Sikorski, Lucinda Creighton: “Time for EU to
get real on Hezbollah” <[link removed]>
CEP Senior Director Hans-Jakob Schindler, Polish MEP and former Foreign
Affairs Minister Radoslaw Sikorski, and CEP Senior Advisor and former Irish
Deputy Foreign Minister Lucinda Creighton urge the European Union (EU) to
re-calibrate its foreign policy approach in the region by strengthening the
U.N. mandate in a way that will bring real stability to Lebanon by curbing
Hezbollah: “…neither the EU's foreign policy, nor the UNIFIL mandate, are in
line with the current state of affairs, as Hezbollah, the Iran-backed terrorist
group which presents itself as a political party, continues to exploit Lebanon
for its own nefarious purposes and insert itself into the political sphere.
According to Western intelligence agencies, Iran funds Hezbollah to the tune of
$200m to $300m [€168-€252] per year in cash outlays alone, and provides an
arsenal of weapons and logistical services valued at more than $700m.”


U.S.-Designated Terrorist Extradited From Jamaica To New York
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In August, U.S.-Specially Designated Global Terrorist
<[link removed]> and
Islamist propagandist Abdullah al-Faisal was extradited
<[link removed]>
 to New York from Jamaica to face charges of supporting terrorism by conspiring
to recruit followers and fighters for ISIS
<[link removed]>. The radical cleric is
considered one of the most influential terrorists in the world. Faisal’s
lectures, website, and videos influenced attacks at The Ohio State University
in 2016 and in Garland, Texas, in 2015, among others. In its report,Abdullah
al-Faisal’s Ties to Extremists
<[link removed]>, CEP documented a total
of 52 extremists linked to Faisal. As a popular cleric among jihadists, Faisal
amassed thousands of followers on a variety of social media websites, promoting
murder, violence against women, and condoning the use of chemical weapons on
non-believers. Media coverage:Fox News
<[link removed]>
.

 

Liam Duffy: “When will the Yazidis get justice?”
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CEP Advisor Liam Duffy argues that six long years after ISIS murdered and
enslaved members of the Yazidi religious minority, the suffering is far from
over: “Nearly 250,000 Yazidis languish in IDP camps and many women and children
are still unaccounted for. In perhaps the cruelest twist, long after the
group’s territorial defeat some women and children are still stuck living among
their tormentors in the camps of Northern Syria.”

 

ISIS Redux: The Central Syria Insurgency
<[link removed]>
In May, CEP introduced “ISIS Redux: The Central Syria Insurgency,” a monthly
report detailing the major attacks that define the resurgence of ISIS in
central Syria. Each update is accompanied by an interactive map indicating the
exact location and nature of major encounters by ISIS or Syrian forces. For
example, theNovember
<[link removed]>
report noted that ISIS carried out at least 30 confirmed attacks during the
month, killing at least 58 pro-Assad regime fighters. October’s update can be
read here
<[link removed]>
, September’s update can be read here
<[link removed]>
, August’s update can be read here
<[link removed]>
, July’s update can be read here
<[link removed]>
, June’s update can be read here
<[link removed]>
, May’s update can be read here
<[link removed]>
, and April’s here
<[link removed]>.

 

Far-Right Extremism

 

Resource: CEP Report Examines Transnational Violent Extreme Right-Wing (XRW)
Movement
<[link removed]>
In November 2020, CEP released its report, Violent Right-Wing Extremism –
Transnational Connectivity, Definitions, Incidents, Structures and
Countermeasures
<[link removed]>
, which was commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office. The report is
also available inGerman
<[link removed]>
. It focuses on the rise and metastasis of the violent extreme right-wing (XRW)
threat and analyzes its growing transnational connectivity between 2015-2020.
The study centers on the transnational connections of the violent XRW milieus
in six countries: Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the
United States. The movement is not structurally unified in one hierarchical
structure but embraces a “divided we stand” approach. Its members include
individuals, groups, organizations, and networks, as well as political parties.

 

Resource: Vehicles as Weapons of Terror
<[link removed]>
Vehicle attacks have been associated with Islamist terrorism, used as a tactic
by groups such as ISIS, al-Qaeda, and Hamas. Since 2016, however, vehicular
attacks against protesters have also risen. Authorities recorded at least 50
vehicular rammings against protesters between May and June 2020. Officials
classified at least 18 of those as deliberate attacks. In its updated resource,
Vehicles as Weapons of Terror
<[link removed]>, CEP examined
a sample of 23 vehicular attacks against protesters since 2016, which wounded
at least 72 and killed at least two. While many of these intentional attacks
appear attributable to those subscribing to far-right ideologies, some were
also perpetrated by those on the left against right-wing protesters.

 

The Nordic Resistance Movement’s Activities, Strategies, and Tactics
<[link removed]>
On October 30, CEP held a webinar that probed the transnational connectivity
of violent right-wing extremism in several European countries and the United
States. Ongoing research demonstrated that the Nordic Resistance Movement
<[link removed]> (NRM)
is one of the key actors that is often highly regarded by other members of this
movement. The NRM is also one of the most transnationally networked
organizations, whose members travel frequently within Scandinavia and beyond.
In the summer of 2016, two NRM members traveled to Russia to train in camps run
by the U.S. designated Russian Imperial Movement
<[link removed]>.
Following the paramilitary training, the two NRM members carried out a string
of bomb attacks on refugee centers in Sweden in January 2017.



Ukraine Deports Americans Encouraging Neo-Nazi Terror Attacks
<[link removed]>
In October, Ukraine deported
<[link removed]>
 two American citizens who had belonged to the neo-Nazi groupAtomwaffen Division

<[link removed]>
(AWD) for attempting to establish a local AWD branch and trying to join a
far-right Ukrainian military unit to “gain combat experience.” The AWD
reportedly disbanded earlier in 2020, though former members reorganized as
National Socialist Order
<[link removed]>
(NSO) in order to “build an Aryan, National Socialist world by any means
necessary.” AWD gained national prominence after some of its members attacked
counter-protesters at the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville,
Virginia. Police also suspect individual AWD members to be the perpetrators of
multiple murders throughout 2017 and 2018. Media coverage:Buzzfeed News
<[link removed]>
.

 

Greece’s Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party Have Been Ruled a Criminal Organisation
<[link removed]>
The leaders of Greece’s neo-Nazi Golden Party, once the third-largest
political force in the country, were on October 7 found guilty of running a
criminal organization, following a landmark trial that had taken more than five
years. In a statement to VICE News, Hans-Jakob Schindler, the senior director
of the Counter Extremism Project, said that the finding that Golden Dawn was a
crime group, rather than a legitimate political party, sent a message to the
violent international far-right scene “that their actions will have
consequences and will not go unpunished.”


The State And Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters With Islamist And Right-Wing
Extremist Backgrounds
<[link removed]>
On November 30, CEP held a webinar that probed how different Western European
states address the ongoing issue of foreign fighters and returnees, both
Islamists and right-wing adherents. The webinar also examined what can be
expected as more and more convicted terrorists from ISIS’s peak in 2015-2016
complete their prison sentences and are released.

 

New Resources

 

CEP Launches ‘Fighting Terror’ Podcast
<[link removed]>
On October 29, CEP launched ‘Fighting Terror,’ a new podcast that explores
different ways we can combat terrorism in society. Each episode features an
expert guest from an area of counterterrorism, joined by CEP Senior Advisor and
former European Affairs Minister Lucinda Creighton. The first episode featured
former EU Security Commissioner, Sir Julian King, to discuss the global
leadership in tackling online radicalization and the Regulation on Preventing
the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online (TCO). Episode two focused on
tackling radicalization at the grassroots level, and episode three dealt with
the challenges of reintegrating terrorist offenders after custody. All of the
podcasts can be accessed on theCEP Website
<[link removed]>, as well as on Spotify
<[link removed]>, Buzzsprout
<[link removed]>, and Podcast Addict
<[link removed]>.

 

Resource: U.S. Far-Left Groups
<[link removed]>

In the 20th century, U.S. left-wing extremism was synonymous with either
communism or causes such as environmentalism. In the 1960s and ’70s, the
Weather Underground declared war against the U.S. government and carried out a
campaign of political violence. In the 1990s, groups such as the Animal
Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation Front (ELF) emerged. A July 2020
report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) concluded
that far-left attacks had resulted in one fatality in the previous 25-year
span, compared with 329 fatalities in attacks by the far right. In recent
years, the radical far left has seen a resurgence in response to the rise of
the far right, particularly since the 2017 Unite the Right rally in
Charlottesville. A revitalized American far left has emerged to lead protest
movements against the far right and perceived injustices. These manifestations
were on display during the 2020 protests against police brutality, leading
President Donald Trump in May 2020 to call for designating Antifa a terrorist
organization. In its report,U.S. Far-Left Groups
<[link removed]>, CEP profiles
nine far-left movements active today in the United States.

 

The Muslim Brotherhood on U.S. Campuses
<[link removed]>

Universities have also as a key source of recruitment and influence for the
Muslim Brotherhood <[link removed]>
in Americas. Considered to be one of the world’s most powerful Islamist
organizations, the Brotherhood was established in Egypt in 1928 with the
ultimate goal of implementing sharia (Islamic law) under a global caliphate.
Unlike ISIS and al-Qaeda, the Brotherhood has officially disavowed violence.
Rather, it purports to achieve this societal transformation by taking advantage
of existing democratic institutions. CEP’s report,The Muslim Brotherhood on
U.S. Campuses
<[link removed]>,
details the Brotherhood’s involvement in the creation of five prominent Muslim
student organizations and how its influence continues today. Media coverage:WTOP

<[link removed]>
.

 

Tech and Terrorism

 

Regulation Is Needed To Protect Citizens From Terrorist Content Online
<[link removed]>
The dissemination of terrorist content online is one of the most challenging
and dangerous misuses of online platforms by users. For that reason, the
Regulation on Preventing the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online
<[link removed]> (TCO)
is one of the most crucial pieces of legislation proposed in recent years. The
regulation will be a cornerstone of protection against harmful terrorist
content and should complement the Digital Services Act (DSA) to rid internet
platforms of extremist posts and videos. Ahead of the next closed-door
negotiations, or trilogues, for the TCO on 29 October, CEP Executive Director
David Ibsen urged the European Commission to enact comprehensive legislation
which protects our citizens. Ibsen said: “The continued ease of access to
hyper-violent imagery and videos on social media demonstrates tech companies’
failure to keep their promises and address the prevalence of extremist and
terrorist content online. What is not tolerated in public spaces should not be
accepted on social media.”

 

U.S. Justice Department Seizes Kata’ib Hezbollah Propaganda Websites
<[link removed]>
In late October, the U.S. Department of Justice seized
<[link removed]>
 two websites affiliated with U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization 
Kata’ib Hezbollah
<[link removed]> (KH). The
seized websites, Aletejahtv.com and kataibhezbollah.com, were illegally
utilized by the terror group to recruit new members and promote their extremist
propaganda. CEP has previouslycalled on
<[link removed]>
 GoDaddy to stop providing domain registrar services to another KH website that
boasted of “[cutting] off the hand of America” and hosted videos of attacks on
U.S. bases. However, the company refused to do so despite it being a clear
violation of the company’s terms of services. KH is an Iranian-sponsored,
anti-American Shiite militia operating in Iraq that is responsible for killing
hundreds of American soldiers, U.N. workers, and civilians. As CEP Executive
Director David Ibsen haspreviously noted
<[link removed]>,
GoDaddy has had a dubiously selective record when it comes to deciding which
websites to take down.

 

Officials Call For Ban Of ‘Euro Fatwa’ App Created By Muslim Brotherhood
<[link removed]>
Beginning in October, Google and Apple faced renewed scrutiny from European
officials for their failure to remove—and ban in its entirety—the Muslim
Brotherhood-sponsored app, Euro Fatwa. The intensifying pressure came after
months of repeated government warnings that the app contains hate speech and
potentially serves as a tool for Islamist radicalization. Euro Fatwa was
developed by the European Council for Fatwa and Research, an organization
founded by Yusuf al-Qaradawi
<[link removed]>
, an Islamist theologian and the unofficial chief ideologue of the Muslim
Brotherhood <[link removed]>.
Despite Euro Fatwa’s clear ties to an extremist who has called for the murder
of Americans, gay people, and Jews, Google and Apple have refused to take down
the app. Previously, CEP spotlighted Qaradawi’s significant presence
<[link removed]>
 on social media. CEP has also documented
<[link removed]> 15 extremist individuals
and organizations with ties to Qaradawi. Media coverage: The National
<[link removed]>
.

 

Facebook Updates Hate Speech Policy To Ban Content Denying Or Distorting The
Holocaust
<[link removed]>
In October, Facebook updated its hate speech policy to ban content that
“denies or distorts” information about the Holocaust. The company claimed that
its latest policy change “is supported by the well-documented rise in
anti-Semitism globally and the alarming level of ignorance about the Holocaust,
especially among young people.” In truth, the change followed mounting pressure
from advocacy groups’ efforts to hold Facebook accountable. CEP’s resource, 
Tracking Facebook’s Policy Changes
<[link removed]>
, highlights Facebook’s reactive policy changes. CEP has previously documented
instances of anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial on Facebook-owned Instagram. One
anti-Semitic account
<[link removed]>
 had more than 1,400 followers. In April, additional neo-Nazi Instagram accounts

<[link removed]>
 were found that included stores selling anti-Semitic and Nazi themed clothing,
accounts calling for acts of violence, and an account belonging to a New
England based neo-Nazi gang.

 

The Emerging Threat of Extremist-Made Video Games
<[link removed]>
CEP Researcher Joshua Fisher-Birch notes that three video games released
during the summer that promote violent extreme-right beliefs are part of a
disturbing trend of free to play games specifically designed as extremist
propaganda and recruitment tools. Video games created by extremist groups and
individuals seeking to spread violent ideologies pose a unique challenge to
those working to prevent and combat radicalization. Since at least the early
2000s, extremist groups have produced their own games With more than 214
million players in the United States in 2020, and two billion globally
<[link removed].>
, extremist groups have recognized the potential of video games for spreading
their beliefs. While extremist games are not novel, they are becoming easier to
produce through the democratization of technology. Clearly, the creators of
these games see their potential. It is time tech companies do as well.

 

Josh Lipowsky and Gretchen Peters: “We’ve Tracked Extremist Content on
Facebook for Years: It Doesn’t Get Removed for Long”
<[link removed]>
CEP Senior Research Analyst Josh Lipowsky and Gretchen Peters, executive
director of the Alliance to Counter Crime Online, observe in November that as
Facebook bends to mounting pressure to stem the spread of domestic extremist
content and conspiracy theories, it’s pertinent to look at Facebook’s track
record for responding to foreign extremism on its platforms: “The Alliance to
Counter Crime Online <[link removed]> and the Counter
Extremism Project <[link removed]> have spent years tracking
for how violent groups ranging from Mexican cartels
<[link removed]> to ISIS
<[link removed]>
 utilize Facebook. Our organizations have jointly concluded that the world’s
largest social media company has neither the capacity nor the will to
comprehensively remove violent extremist content and misinformation, despite
the fiduciary risks
<[link removed]>
 this brings.”

 

The Lawfare Podcast: Hany Farid on Deep Fakes, Doctored Photos and
Disinformation
<[link removed]>
In late July, CEP Senior Advisor Dr. Hany Farid, a world-renowned digital
forensics expert, discussed deep fakes with on Lawfare's
<[link removed]>
Arbiters of Truth series on disinformation. Deep fakes are realistic synthetic
media in which a person’s likeness is altered to show them doing or saying
something they never did or said. Dr. Farid also helped develop technology used
by platforms to identify and remove material related to child sexual abuse. Dr.
Farid discussed the danger of deep fakes, how much of that danger is the
technology itself and how much of it has to do with how big platforms amplify
incendiary content. Dr. Farid also discussed deep fakes at anAxios
<[link removed]>
virtual event on September 30. Farid called for social media platforms to have
a better handle on misinformation and to stop hiding behind "the line of 'I
don’t want to be the arbiter of truth.' It is nonsense."

 

Policy and Analysis

 

CEP Supports Bill to Hold Tech Companies Responsible When Their Algorithms
Promote Extremist Content
<[link removed]>
Legislation introduced in October by Reps. Anna Eshoo, D-Calif., and Tom
Malinowski, D-N.J., would amend Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act,
which provides a liability shield for tech firms regarding third-party content
shared on their platforms. Called the Protecting Americans from Dangerous
Algorithms Act, the bill specifically targets algorithms that amplify content
while preserving the core elements of the law that protect users’ free speech,
according to lawmakers. The legislation has early support from the Center for
Countering Digital Hate, theCounter Extremism Project
<[link removed]> and the Anti-Defamation League. Dr. Hany
Farid, a senior advisor to CEP, called the Eshoo-Malinowski bill “an important
measure” that would “hold the technology sector accountable for irresponsibly
deploying algorithms that amplify dangerous and extremist content.” Media
coverage:Gizmodo
<[link removed]>
.

 

The Prospect for Peace in Afghanistan
<[link removed]>
Ongoing negotiations between the Taliban
<[link removed]> and the Afghan government
with support from the international community offer the prospect for stability
inAfghanistan <[link removed]> for the
first time in nearly two decades. The talks could result in a significant
reduction of the Taliban’s large-scale insurgency since the early 2000s.
However, the country is still plagued by the operations of several
international terrorist groups, some of which belong to the global network of 
al-Qaeda <[link removed]> and others to ISIS
<[link removed]>. On October 16, CEP conducted a
webinar that examined the current security situation in Afghanistan, as well as
probed the impact a potential peace deal may have on the Taliban movement as a
whole. Media coverage:The National
<[link removed]>

 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security Awards Grants to Organizations Opposing
Extremism
<[link removed]>
In September, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) awarded
<[link removed]>
 $10 million in federal grants to 29 organizations focused on countering the
threat from extremism. The bulk of the awarded funding, which was made possible
through DHS’s newly established Targeted Violence and Terrorism Prevention
(TVTP) program. CEP was among the organizations to receive TVTP funding. A
$277,755 grant will be used in partnership with Parallel Networks to
rehabilitate incarcerated individuals at the Richard J. Donovan Correctional
Facility in San Diego County who profess white supremacist or Islamic extremist
ideals or are members of groups that profess these ideals. To reduce recidivism
among these inmates, CEP and Parallel Networks will together craft specific
curricula for inmates devoted to different strands of extremism by offering
them “alternative narratives to extremist ideology.” Media coverage:The Wall
Street Journal
<[link removed]>
.



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