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...read about the worldwide reach of Black Lives Matter.

Black Lives Matter protests have emanated out of the United States with remarkable speed and reach. From London to Tokyo, marches in solidarity with American protesters and campaigns to target local racism and police violence sprang up in short order after the murder of George Floyd. Historian Keisha Blain puts the international reach of those protests in context [[link removed]], writing about the ways that Black liberation movements in the US have always been tied to related movements around the world. At the end of World War I, for instance, the International League of Darker Peoples — an organization that included leading Black American activists A. Philip Randolph and Adam Clayton Powell — organized a conference to encourage Japanese diplomats to make racial equality an issue in peace talks. The internationalism of the Black Lives Matter movement should be neither a surprise nor a minor aspect of the movement.

A conversation on civil-military relations

Authors and veterans Phil Klay and (Midnight Oil alumnus) Matt Gallagher spoke [[link removed]] with political scientist Risa Brooks about civil-military relations in light of Homeland Security officers in military gear conducting warrantless arrests against Portland protesters.

Klay and Gallagher write that, as the military is increasingly treated as a political prize, there is widespread opposition among actual servicemembers and veterans to the military being drawn into enacting violence at home.

Brooks, a scholar of civil-military relations, pointed out that the camouflage uniforms of the Homeland Security agents in Portland call to mind similar action in Tunisia, where “the regime had been putting uniforms on the hated and very brutal police so they would look more like the popular military that refused to kill civilian protesters.”

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] The origins of Belarusian protests

As tensions continue to boil over in Belarus, Nelly Bekus explained [[link removed]] why this year’s election sparked more protest than any other in President Alexander Lukashenko’s 26-year reign. The difference, Bekus writes, is that anti-Lukashenko activists were this time able to attack the president’s economic record.

Lukashenko’s popularity is rooted in his populism, but his opponents built their campaign around the kinds of quality-of-life issues that would normally be Lukashenko’s bread-and-butter. Failures by Lukashenko’s government have created space for Belarusians to demand change, even though, as Bekus notes, many “have never taken elections seriously before.”

COVID-19 has exacerbated the dissonance between Lukashenko’s claims to improve people’s lives and the lived experience of Belarusians. The president, Bekus writes, “refused to impose any precautionary measures, kept the border open and even proceeded as normal with the organization of the May 9 victory parade. He chose to ignore the fact that the majority of Belarusians supported more restrictive measures against the pandemic.”

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] DEEP DIVE Legislating peace and security: Part II

Last week, we looked at how popular movements work to influence the legislative process through protests and other forms of signaling, and why protests by less privileged people are more effective than similar actions by more privileged people. This week, we’ll dig into new research about the strategies of the most privileged group of all when it comes to influencing the legislative branch: the executive.

In the US, the last great period of legislative oversight over security issues was the 1970s. After a huge expansion of the country’s security bureaucracy during and after World War II, the disaster of the Vietnam War, and a series of high-profile intelligence misadventures early in the Cold War, Congress decided that it would like to play a more active role in controlling what America’s soldiers and spies were up to. That period brought us the War Powers Resolution, the Church Committee and other congressional action that produced a slight hiccup in the ongoing trend toward presidential control of national security matters.

One thing Congress didn’t accomplish in that period, however, was establishing tight regulation over the activities of the National Security Agency (NSA), the electronic surveillance arm of America’s intelligence community. The agency would later rise to infamy after Edward Snowden released records showing that it routinely gathered Americans’ digital information. As historian Peter Roady writes in a new article [[link removed]] in the Journal of Policy History, the reason the NSA escaped congressional oversight in the 1970s comes down to a fairly simple explanation: When Congress asked what was going on at Fort Meade, executive branch lawyers, politicians, and intelligence officials collectively shrugged their shoulders and said: “Can’t tell you, it’s classified.”

Back in the mid-1970s, even members of Congress had only a passing familiarity with the NSA. Its work was so secret, and intelligence agencies proliferating so fast, that it was only a small blip on the radar of any security-conscious representative. And how would they know? NSA existed as a result of a memo from President Harry Truman in 1952 — by the 1970s, Congress had still never passed a bill explaining what the agency was actually supposed to do. As Roady reports, at the time, “only two congressional staffers had sufficient security clearances to peer inside NSA, and they focused on budgetary matters.”

Congress began asking questions after a 1974 press report alleged that the Central Intelligence Agency was illegally spying on Americans. Given that NSA was, at the time, engaging in warrantless domestic surveillance, those questions were cause for alarm in the intelligence community. To buy time, the White House (including a pre-Supreme Court Antonin Scalia) set up a lengthy process for reviewing any intelligence documents Congress requested as part of their investigation. By releasing the documents slowly and in pieces, the executive not only controlled what questions the legislative was able to answer but even what they knew to ask.

That process, which set the precedent for subsequent document review processes in congressional intelligence investigations, gave the administration time to pull together Executive Order 11905. The order established a charter for the NSA and other intelligence agencies and basically dared Congress to limit the critical mission described in the charter. The White House also used the delay to draft legislation that would become the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which purports to regulate electronic surveillance. FISA, which still governs electronic surveillance today, created a secret court for granting wiretapping and other electronic surveillance warrants. That court, which granted [[link removed]] 99.97% of government warrant requests between 1979 and 2012, was enough to convince members of Congress and judges that no further major restrictions on NSA actions were necessary.

Executive obstruction is so common in legislative oversight of security matters because it works. Not only did the NSA escape substantial regulation in the 1970s, but that state of affairs lasted for decades. When the Snowden disclosures appeared in 2013, the world was once again shocked by the very thing Congress was hoping to uncover back in 1975: warrantless collection of Americans’ communications by the NSA.

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] SHOW US THE RECEIPTS

Shirin Jaafari spoke [[link removed]] to Kenyan women who are stranded in Beirut following the devastating explosion there. The women, all domestic workers, have been camping outside the Kenyan consulate since losing their jobs and homes as a result of the blast. They are still trapped in Lebanon, however, as a result of the employment system known as kafala, which binds their immigration status to their employers and forces them to pay a fee to break their contract. So far, the Kenyan consulate has done little for the women, aside from inviting them to register for future repatriation. There are no indications of when that repatriation will take place.

Emma Claire Foley examined [[link removed]] one of the most puzzling recent additions to the social media landscape: US Strategic Command attempting to justify its own existence to the public by sending out puzzling infographics each week under the hashtag #MythMondays. In addition to some strange design and language choices (Foley highlighted the foreboding, unexplained ellipses in “Peace is our Profession…”), the posts betray a real confusion by the military about the purpose of nuclear awareness-raising. Reminding people that Strategic Command exists, constantly standing ready to execute a presidential order to destroy the world, is perhaps not the public relations coup they believe it to be.

Michael Fox reported [[link removed]] on activists in São Paulo resisting the mass evictions that have followed the COVID-19 economic slowdown. Over 1,700 families in the state of São Paulo have been evicted since the virus arrived, and thousands more could be thrown out of their homes. The United Nations has twice urged Brazil to suspend evictions during the crisis, but there has been no government response so far. Indeed, Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro vetoed part of a bill that would have prevented people unable to pay rent during the pandemic from being kicked out of their homes. A São Paulo housing rights march in July was met with police violence.

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] WELL PLAYED

“Zero Dark Thirty” was actually [[link removed]] a movie about the most audacious pursuit of open-source entertainment ever attempted.

There is exactly one bright spot in the rush for universities to reopen in the middle of a pandemic, and this [[link removed]] is it (thankfully, the message applies equally to remote learning). A CV line [[link removed]] well-earned.

Speaking of incredible [[link removed]] CV lines...

Florida governor Ron DeSantis came under fire last week for comparing the challenge of reopening public schools in a pandemic to a Navy SEAL mission. There are a lot of gross things about that comparison, but a less obvious one is that schoolchildren are much less likely than SEALs to seek [[link removed]] a book deal after they put their lives at risk on government orders.

FORWARD TO A FRIEND [[link removed]] LISTEN TO 'THINGS THAT GO BOOM'

Great Power Competition is: “I think we should really look at it through the lens of uh… competition." — a real life security expert.

Worried yet? Listen and subscribe now on Apple Podcasts [[link removed]], Stitcher [[link removed]], Spotify [[link removed]], Pocket Casts [[link removed]], or wherever you get your podcasts to receive a new episode every two weeks.

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Critical State is written by Sam Ratner and is a collaboration between The World and Inkstick Media.

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Critical State is made possible in part by the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

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