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[Ballotpedia's Bold Justice]

Welcome to the August 10 edition of _Bold Justice_, Ballotpedia's newsletter about the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) and other judicial happenings around the U.S. Need to keep up on your federal court news during the dog days of summer? Follow us on Twitter ([link removed]) or subscribe to the Daily Brew ([link removed]) for all the latest information.

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[We #SCOTUS so you don't have to]

In this edition, we're taking a closer look at Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue ([link removed]) , which the U.S. Supreme Court decided on June 30, 2020. The case concerned whether the government can exclude religious institutions from student-aid programs.


** BACKGROUND
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A 2015 Montana law established a tax credit scholarship program that matched—up to $150 a year—taxpayer donations to organizations that issued scholarships for private school students. To ensure compliance with the Montana Constitution, the state Department of Revenue established Rule 1, which barred recipients from using the scholarships at religiously-affiliated private schools. The plaintiffs, three mothers whose children attended religious-affiliated private schools, challenged Rule 1. The Montana 11th Judicial District ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, prohibiting the rule’s enforcement. On appeal, the Montana Supreme Court reversed the lower court, holding the law violated Article X, Section 6 of the state constitution.

In a 5-4 opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court held Article X, Section 6 violated the Free Exercise clause. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice Roberts said: "A state need not subsidize private education...but once a state decides to do so, it cannot disqualify some private schools solely because they are religious."


** BLAINE AMENDMENTS IN STATE CONSTITUTIONS
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Article X, Section 6 of the Montana Constitution is known as Montana's _Blaine Amendment_. _Blaine Amendments_ refer to provisions in state constitutions that bar public funds from going to religiously-affiliated schools. Montana adopted a Blaine Amendment when it became a state in 1889. Article X, Section 6 was incorporated in the state's 1972 constitution.

U.S. Rep. James G. Blaine of Maine proposed the first Blaine Amendment on December 14, 1875, in reaction to efforts by religious groups, mainly the Catholic Church, to establish parochial schools with public funding. The amendment passed in the U.S. House of Representatives but did not receive the necessary two-thirds vote in the U.S. Senate.

Blaine Amendments were added to the constitutions of 38 states. Louisiana voters repealed their state's Blaine Amendment in 1974, leaving 37 states with Blaine Amendments in their constitutions as of 2020. Click here ([link removed]) for more information on Blaine Amendments in state constitutions.


** MEDIA COVERAGE AND COMMENTARY
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The ruling's affect on public school funding

"Never in more than two centuries of American history has the free exercise clause of the First Amendment been wielded as a weapon to defund and dismantle public education. It will hurt both the 90 percent of students who attend neighborhood public schools, by siphoning off needed funds, and, in the long term, those who attend religious schools by curtailing their freedom with the accountability that comes with tax dollars."

Randi Weingarten ([link removed]) , president of the American Federation of Teachers, June 30, 2020

"When you have a state where ... a significant minority of parents are using private schools, they're going to be voting against increasing taxes for public education. But if they are able to share in the education pot, they may move to supporters of greater aid to education."

Professor Michael McConnell ([link removed]) , Stanford Law School, July 30, 2020



The ruling's affect on free exercise of religion

"We celebrate today’s Supreme Court decision on religious schools, which removes one of the biggest obstacles to better educational opportunities for all children. States may no longer hide behind rules motivated by insidious bias against Catholics, known as Blaine Amendments, to exclude religious schools from public benefits. Laws that condition public benefits, like need-based academic scholarships, on religious status demonstrate state-sanctioned hostility to religion, pressure people and institutions to censor their religious views, and stigmatize disfavored religions. The Trump Administration believes that school choice is a civil rights issue, and that no parent should be forced to send their child to a failing school. President Donald J. Trump will fight for school choice, and he will always defend our first freedom: the free exercise of religion."

Statement ([link removed]) from the Trump administration, June 30, 2020

"Other Christians also briefed in favor of Montana. Nonetheless, Jews, other Christians and minority religions are now expected to pay for programs that teach religious ideals with which they disagree. They are especially worried that their tax dollars will now pay for schools that do not protect LGBTQ rights."

Professor Leslie Griffin ([link removed]) , University of Nevada, August 4, 2020


Click here ([link removed]) for more information on media coverage and commentary of _Espinoza_.

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[Court news]

The Federal Vacancy Count ([link removed]) tracks vacancies, nominations, and confirmations to all United States Article III ([link removed]) federal courts in a one-month period. This month's edition ([link removed]) includes nominations, confirmations, and vacancies from July 2 to August 3.


** HIGHLIGHTS
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* VACANCIES: There have been two new judicial vacancies since the previous report ([link removed]) . There are 73 vacancies out of 870 active Article III judicial positions on courts covered in this report. Including the United States Court of Federal Claims and the United States territorial courts, 79 of 890 active federal judicial positions are vacant.

* NOMINATIONS: There have been no new nominations since the previous report.

* CONFIRMATIONS: There have been two new confirmations since the previous report.


** VACANCY COUNT FOR AUGUST 3, 2020
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A breakdown of the vacancies at each level can be found in the table below. For a more detailed look at the vacancies on the federal courts, click here ([link removed]) .

*Though the United States territorial courts are named as district courts, they are not Article III courts. They are created in accordance with the power granted under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution. Click here ([link removed]) for more information.


** NEW VACANCIES
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Two judges have left active status, creating Article III ([link removed]) life-term judicial vacancies, since the previous vacancy count. As Article III judicial positions, the president must make a nomination to fill the vacancy. Nominations are subject to confirmation on the advice and consent ([link removed]) of the U.S. Senate ([link removed]) .

* Judge Virginia Covington ([link removed]) assumed senior status ([link removed]) on the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida ([link removed]) .
* Judge Federico Moreno ([link removed]) assumed senior status on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida ([link removed]) .


** U.S. DISTRICT COURT VACANCIES
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The following map displays U.S. District Court vacancies as of August 1.


** NEW NOMINATIONS
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President Trump has not announced any new nominations since the previous report.

The president has announced 262 Article III judicial nominations since taking office January 20, 2017. The president named 69 judicial nominees in 2017, 92 in 2018, and 77 in 2019. For more information on the president’s judicial nominees, click here ([link removed]) .


** NEW CONFIRMATIONS
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Between July 2 and August 3, the Senate confirmed two of the president’s nominees to Article III courts.

* David Joseph ([link removed]) was confirmed to the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana ([link removed]) .
* Scott Hardy ([link removed]) was confirmed to the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania ([link removed]) .

Between January 2017 and August 3, 2020, the Senate confirmed 202 of President Trump’s judicial nominees—145 district court judges, 53 appeals court judges, two Court of International Trade judges, and two Supreme Court justices.

Trump is tied with President Bill Clinton (D) for the second-most Article III judicial appointments through August 1 of his fourth year of all presidencies since Jimmy Carter (D). The Senate confirmed 247 of Carter’s federal judicial appointees at this point in his presidency.



The average number of confirmed presidential judicial appointees through August 1 of the fourth year in office is 188.

The median number of U.S. Court of Appeals appointees is 35. Carter appointed the most with 54, while Reagan appointed the least with 27. Trump’s 53 appointments make up 29.6% of the total 179 judgeships across the courts of appeal.

Need a daily fix of judicial nomination, confirmation, and vacancy information? Click here ([link removed]) for continuing updates on the status of all federal judicial nominees.

Or, if you prefer, we also maintain a list of individuals ([link removed]) the president has nominated.

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[Looking ahead]

We'll be back September 14 with a new edition of _Bold Justice_.

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