Email from Counter Extremism Project (CEP) Trump gives Sunday deadline for Hamas to take his Gaza proposal or be ‘quickly extinguished’ Eye on Extremism October 3, 2025   Top Stories Reuters: Knife attack alarms UK Jews already dealing with rising antisemitism The attack on a synagogue in northern England on Thursday sent fear through a Jewish community already dealing with a sharp rise in antisemitic incidents, bringing warnings about the need to keep doors shut and avoid gathering in communal places. It was the latest act of violence aimed at British Jews following Israel's escalating military offensive in Gaza, a response to the October 2023 attacks by Hamas militants. Times of Israel: Trump gives Sunday deadline for Hamas to take his Gaza proposal or be ‘quickly extinguished’ US President Donald Trump calls on Palestinian civilians to “immediately” evacuate to “safer parts of Gaza, while warning that Hamas has until 6 p.m. Eastern time on Sunday to accept his proposal for ending the war before “ALL HELL” breaks out against the terror group.   LATEST CEP WEBINAR On September 17, 2025, the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) hosted a webinar, “Transnational Connections Between Antisemitic Extremist and Terrorist Actors." This is the first webinar of a three-part series focused on highlighting various aspects of the role of antisemitism in the mobilization to violence by extremists and terrorist actors, supported by the Federal Foreign Office of Germany. Watch here.   CEP Mentions  NTV: Manchester attack and antisemitism Shortly after the arrest of three suspected Hamas supporters in Berlin, a deadly attack on visitors to a synagogue in Manchester, England, occurred. Terrorism expert Dr Hans-Jakob Schindler assesses the threat situation and reflects on the renewed debate about easier passport confiscation. Deutschlandfunk: Arrest of Hamas cell in Berlin German security authorities have arrested a cell in Berlin, with the suspects said to be acting on behalf of the Palestinian terrorist organization Hamas. Dr Hans-Jakob Schindler is interviewed on the unfolding story (starts at 4:32). GB News: Manchester attack on a synagogue ‘Are you living a double standard when it comes to Israel?’ Counter Extremism Project Senior Director Dr Hans-Jakob Schindler says the Israel-Gaza conflict has allowed Hamas to ‘instil a victim’ narrative, which has facilitated a ‘higher comfort level’ with antisemitism. WELT: When a Hamas man spoke of weapons and Germany, the investigators pricked up their ears Dr Hans-Jakob Schindler, Director of the Counter Extremism Project, describes the arrests of the Hamas cell in 2023 as a "turning point". "Its members had already deposited weapons in Europe years before. Anyone storing weapons in Poland or Bulgaria is certainly not doing so for use in the Gaza Strip," Schindler told WELT AM SONNTAG. This points to an overarching strategy that could be activated if necessary. The connection to criminal gangs follows a well-known logic. "The relationships between organized crime and terrorist organizations are often structural," explains Schindler. Such connections are not atypical, especially when it comes to procuring weapons. In most cases, terrorist organizations rely on criminal networks to obtain weapons - whether through smuggling or the black market. Tagesspiegel: Apparent terror attack foiled: "There are more Hamas terror cells in Germany" According to Dr Hans-Jakob Schindler, the arrests show that the risk of Hamas attacks in Germany remains high. "The initial investigations seem to confirm that the Islamist organization planted terrorists in Germany years ago," says the senior director and head of the Berlin office of the international Counter Extremism Project. Hamas operates with a high degree of professionalism. "The members of the terror cells, for example, try to act as inconspicuously as possible so as not to come to the attention of the security services." This includes not appearing as activists at propaganda events, for example. In addition, two of the suspected attackers who have now been arrested have taken German citizenship. ZDF: Terror attack outside Manchester synagogue But what about the protection of synagogues in the UK? Terrorism expert Dr Hans-Jakob Schindler from the Counter Extremism Project explains that some protective measures did work in Manchester - for example, the attacker was unable to enter the synagogue and the police were probably "extremely quick on the scene". However, what did not work and now needs to be investigated is the lack of barriers around the synagogue, especially for traffic, explained Schindler. Given the large Jewish community in Manchester, it would have been natural to assume that significantly more worshippers would come to the synagogue on Yom Kippur than on normal days, says Schindler. WELT TV: "Hamas also has income from donations from Germany via the internet" Following the renewed arrests of suspected Hamas members in Berlin, Middle East expert Dr Hans-Jakob Schindler explains how the terrorist organization continues to raise money and why Germany is the focus of the Islamists. United States Reuters: FBI cuts ties with Anti-Defamation League, FBI director says The FBI said on Wednesday it cut ties with the Anti-Defamation League, a Jewish group that tracks antisemitism, after conservatives criticized the group for including slain activist Charlie Kirk's organization in a glossary on extremism. In a social media post, FBI Director Kash Patel said the bureau "won't partner with political fronts masquerading as watchdogs." Associated Press: Zohran Mamdani’s rise in the New York mayoral race sparks anti-Muslim vitriol Zohran Mamdani ’s swift rise in New York City’s mayoral race has made him into a national symbol — both as a point of pride among many Muslim Americans and a political foil for the right. His campaign has been met by a surge in anti-Muslim language directed at the Democratic nominee, who would become the city’s first Muslim mayor if elected in November. BBC News: Trump's pact to defend Qatar could shake up or shore up a fragile region President Trump this week signed an executive order vowing to use all measures - including the US military - to defend the Gulf state of Qatar. The text says Washington will view any armed attack on the tiny energy-rich nation as a threat to the Unites States itself and will "take all lawful and appropriate measures - including diplomatic, economic, and, if necessary, military - to defend the interests of the United States and of the State of Qatar and to restore peace and stability". Independent: How Kash Patel used a neo-Nazi stock phrase to honor Charlie Kirk At a press conference announcing that the suspect in the shooting of Charlie Kirk had been detained, FBI director Kash Patel ended his speech with a personal message to his “brother,” saying: “We have the watch, and I’ll see you in Valhalla.” CBS News: DHS and FBI warn about attacks on ICE facilities by "domestic violent extremists" The Department of Homeland Security and FBI have issued a joint intelligence bulletin obtained by CBS News that warns of attacks on Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) personnel and facilities, including by "domestic violent extremists" claiming to respond to immigration enforcement activities. Reuters: Trump determines US is at war with drug cartels, document to Congress says President Donald Trump has determined the United States is engaged in "a non-international armed conflict" with drug cartels, according to a document notifying Congress of its legal justification for deadly U.S. strikes on boats off Venezuela. The text of the document, which was reviewed by Reuters on Thursday, was briefed to lawmakers by the Pentagon's top attorney this week as experts question the legality of killing suspected drug traffickers at sea instead of apprehending them and their cargo. Media Matters for America: White nationalist and Holocaust denier Nick Fuentes is making the rounds on podcasts with millions of viewers White nationalist streamer and Holocaust denier Nick Fuentes is potentially spreading his extremist commentary to millions via guest appearances on numerous online shows. Since June, he's appeared on at least nine right-leaning podcasts and streaming shows — including some that don’t identify themselves as focused on news and politics — whose episodes have earned a total of over 7.2 million views on various social media platforms, as of publication. Fox News: Harvard faculty expressed support for potential left-wing political violence during 2018 panel During a 2018 panel hosted by Harvard's Carr-Ryan Center for Human Rights, three faculty members praised a presenter after he made his case for potential armed left-wing political violence. The Ivy League school hosted a panel called "You Don't Stand Around and Let People Get Hurt: Antifascism After Charlottesville." The panel's star guest was Professor Dwayne Dixon of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who was placed on administrative leave Monday after reports of his armed left-wing activism as a member of the far-left gun club Redneck Revolt. The Guardian: White House plays racist deepfake video of Democratic leaders on loop As the Trump administration insists it is serious about negotiating an end to the government shutdown, a pair of racist deepfake videos mocking Democratic leaders played on a loop in the White House briefing room for hours on Wednesday. Jewish Telegraphic Agency: DOJ cites law designed to protect abortion clinics in suit against pro-Palestinian synagogue protesters The Trump administration has filed a lawsuit against pro-Palestinian protesters who demonstrated at a New Jersey synagogue last year, citing a federal law originally designed to protect abortion clinics. The complaint, filed by the U.S. Justice Department on Monday, appears to mark the first time that the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, which was enacted in 1994 to protect abortion clinics from violent protests, has been applied to protesters at a house of worship. Star and Stripes: Minneapolis man pleads guilty to supporting terrorist group after twice trying to join ISIS in Somalia A 23-year-old Minneapolis man pleaded guilty this week to charges stemming from his support for the ISIS and Al Shabab terrorist groups, including posting calls for jihad on social media and making multiple attempts to join ISIS overseas. Abdisatar Ahmed Hassan pleaded guilty Wednesday to one count of attempting to provide material support and resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization, according to a statement from the Justice Department. Germany ARD: Arrest of Hamas terror suspects: Weapons apparently procured from Scandinavia German security authorities have apparently succeeded in preventing a suspected assassination attempt with firearms in Germany this week. The suspects are said to have acted on behalf of the Palestinian terrorist organization Hamas. The trail of the weapons apparently leads to organized crime in Scandinavia, and three suspects were provisionally arrested in Berlin on Wednesday: They are the German nationals Abed al-G. and Ahmad I. as well as the Lebanese Wael F. M.. According to the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office, they are said to be members of Hamas and, as so-called "foreign operatives" of the terrorist group, were involved in procuring weapons for assassination attacks on Jewish and Israeli institutions in Germany. Hamas denies any connection to the men. Times of Israel: Mossad reveals role in arrest of Hamas-linked cell in Germany said plotting to kill Jews The Mossad was involved in Wednesday’s arrest of a Hamas-linked cell in Germany that planned to carry out attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets, the agency announced Friday. The Israeli foreign intelligence service said the arrest was possible because of close coordination between the Mossad and Germany’s security and intelligence services. Reuters: Drone sightings prompt call for German police to gain shoot-down powers Drone sightings overnight at Germany's Munich airport led to the cancellation and diversion of dozens of flights on the eve of a national holiday, leaving nearly 3,000 passengers stranded and leading politicians to call for a tougher response to drone threats, potentially including shooting them down. Afghanistan International: Taliban Envoys Seize Control Of Afghan Consulate In Bonn Two Taliban representatives forcibly entered the Afghan Consulate in Bonn on Friday, 3 October, without coordination with the German government, sources told Afghanistan International. The envoys reportedly broke the lock on the gate and unilaterally took control of the building. Their entry came on a public holiday in Germany, when no officials from the Foreign Ministry were present. Italy Reuters: Italians take to the streets for Gaza flotilla general strike Hundreds of thousands of Italians took to the streets across the country on Friday, as part of a day-long general strike called by unions in support of an aid flotilla carrying food to Gaza that was intercepted by Israel this week. "After what I saw with the flotilla, I thought I couldn't just stand by and do nothing. It's the first time I go to these kind of demonstrations," Mario Mascetti, a protester in Rome, told Reuters. Switzerland IANS: Rising Islamic extremism a worrying trend, warn experts during Geneva event Several human rights activists, politicians and experts gathered in Geneva earlier this week to discuss the effects of radicalization being felt in Europe and South Asia as extremism, anti-semitism and terrorism, as well as indoctrination of youth, become more rampant. The side-event organised on the margins of the 60th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) saw the participants discussing indoctrination of children in Bangladeshi madrassas, the abduction of minority girls in Pakistan, and the Taliban's suffocating restrictions in Afghanistan. Reuters: Five police officers injured in clashes at Gaza protest in Geneva Swiss police said on Friday that five of their officers were injured during clashes in Geneva in which police fired tear gas and water cannon at protesters marching in support of the Gaza flotilla intercepted by Israel. The initially peaceful protest of about 3,000 people, which stopped traffic in the city centre, degenerated late on Thursday as protesters approached a bridge. United Kingdom Associated Press: One of 2 victims in Manchester synagogue attack was accidentally shot by police One of the two men killed in a car and knife attack on a synagogue in the English city of Manchester appears to have been accidentally shot by a police officer as worshippers tried to stop the attacker entering the building, law enforcement authorities said Friday. BBC: Police name Manchester attacker who killed two at synagogue A man who carried out an attack at a synagogue in Manchester on Thursday which left two Jewish people dead and three others injured has been named by police as Jihad Al-Shamie. BBC: Synagogue attack victims 'always smiling' and 'kind' Tributes have been paid to the two victims of the Manchester synagogue attack, with neighbours describing them as "forever smiling" and "always helpful". Melvin Cravitz, 66, and Adrian Daulby, 53, died after the perpetrator drove a car at members of the public before stabbing people. BBC: 'Our hearts are shattered', says Chief Rabbi Sir Ephraim Mirvis Chief Rabbi Sir Ephraim Mirvis says the Manchester attack marks a "very dark time" for Jewish people. Speaking to BBC Radio 4's Today programme, he said: "Right now, our hearts are shattered. What transpired yesterday was an awful blow to us, something which actually we were fearing might happen because of the build up to this action." Reuters: UK urges pro-Palestinian group to cancel protest after synagogue attack Britain's government and police have called for a pro-Palestinian protest in London on Saturday to be cancelled following a deadly attack on a synagogue in Manchester that has shone a light on rising religious hatred. Thursday's attack follows a politically charged summer where incidents of antisemitic and Islamophobic hate have remained high, and pro-Palestinian marchers have routinely taken to the streets to denounce Israel, drawing criticism from some members of the Jewish community. Reuters: Starmer says Britain will defeat antisemitism Prime Minister Keir Starmer promised to do everything in his power to defeat antisemitism and protect Britain's Jews after the killing of two people at a synagogue in northern England. Starmer returned early from a European summit in Copenhagen after the attack in Manchester, which spread fear through a community already reeling from a sharp rise in antisemitic incidents. Times of Israel: ‘An unrelenting wave of Jew hatred’: UK Jews say terror attack was only a matter of time Jewish community leaders in the United Kingdom and around the world responded with grief, anger and frustration to news of the deadly terror attack at a Manchester synagogue during Yom Kippur services on Thursday. Daily Mail: Government's former anti-extremism tsar claims Labour has been 'complicit' in 'demonisation' of Israel in warning about 'conducive atmosphere for anti-Semitism' after Manchester attack A former anti-extremism tsar has suggested the Government has been 'complicit' in the 'demonisation' of Israel. Lord Walney, who was previously the independent adviser on political violence and disruption, called on Labour to 'stand up' to claims that Israel is 'uniquely evil'. The Telegraph: Manchester’s Jews and Muslims have long lived side by side in peace. That has been shattered For decades, the large communities of both Jews and Muslims in the suburb of Crumpsall have lived side by side in peace in the diverse Manchester neighbourhood. But, Thursday’s attack at the Heaton Park synagogue in Crumpsall, three miles north of the city centre, is a depressing and worrying low point for a city that has suffered a long list of terrorist atrocities. Times of Israel: Father of Manchester synagogue terrorist says family shocked by his ‘heinous’ actions The family of Jihad Al-Shamie, who carried out the deadly terror attack on a Manchester synagogue yesterday, condemns his “heinous” actions, which they say have left them in “profound shock.” Associated Press: Man kills 2 in car ramming and stabbing attack at English synagogue on Jewish holy day An assailant drove a car into people outside a synagogue Thursday in northern England and stabbed two of them to death in what police called a terrorist attack on the holiest day of the Jewish year. LADBible: YouTuber who ‘went undercover as white man’ breaks silence following racist threats A YouTuber who ‘went undercover as a white man’ at the recent Tommy Robinson Unite the Kingdom march has broken his silence after receiving horrific racist threats after his video went live. Niko Omilana, a YouTuber famous for his political pranks such as fooling the leader of the KKK into saying ‘shoutout BLM’, made waves recently when he went undercover at the Robsinon march. Daily Mail: How the name Jihad is still given to babies in Britain - despite links to Islamist extremism Manchester Synagogue killer Jihad al-Shamie’s first name may have extremist connotations in the West but it is common in the Arabic world and small numbers of parents in Britain have used it for their sons. The word can mean ‘striving’ or ‘doing one’s utmost’ – but it also means a ‘struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam’. Afghanistan Afghanistan International: Taliban Reject G7 Concerns, Deny Terror Groups Presence In Afghanistan The Taliban rejected concerns from the United States and G7 countries about terrorist groups operating from Afghan soil, insisting that all armed groups in the country have been dismantled. Hamidullah Fitrat, a Taliban spokesperson, told state-run television on Thursday, 2 October, that with the group’s takeover, security had been restored and “all armed groups and opposition movements eliminated.” He dismissed claims of ongoing terrorist activity as “baseless,” adding that Afghanistan “is not a threat to any country.” Afghanistan International: Taliban Tightens Control Over Universities With New Restrictions Taliban’s Ministry of Higher Education has ordered that university professors who fail to comply with the group’s dress and beard requirements be denied academic promotion, according to a document obtained by Afghanistan International. The directive states that promotion files for academics whose “appearance and conduct are not in line with Sharia” must be suspended. The decision was approved by the ministry’s leadership council, which instructed university heads not to submit promotion dossiers until they confirmed staff compliance with Taliban standards. Afghanistan International: Taliban Leaders In Kandahar Fuels Poverty & Isolation In Afghanistan, Says Crisis Group The International Crisis Group warned in a new report that the Taliban’s leadership in Kandahar has deepened Afghanistan’s isolation and worsened widespread poverty. The report, released Thursday, 2 October 2025, said the Taliban have failed to manage the country’s economic collapse, while poverty and deprivation are worsening. The reduction in international assistance and the withdrawal of aid organisations have placed a heavy burden on vulnerable Afghans, particularly women and girls. Afghanistan International: UN Grants Taliban FM Travel Waiver For Russia & India Visits Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi has been granted a temporary travel exemption to visit Russia and India next week, a source in the group’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs told Afghanistan International. According to the source, Muttaqi will travel to Moscow on 6 October to attend the seventh round of the “Moscow Format” talks at the invitation of Russian officials. For the first time, a Taliban delegation will participate as a member rather than a guest. In a statement on 27 September, Muttaqi described the Taliban’s inclusion as an “important step” and expressed hope that such platforms would strengthen trust and foster progress with neighbouring countries. Gaza Strip Times of Israel: Hamas slated to respond ‘positively’ to Trump Gaza plan, but request changes — source Hamas will reply “positively” to US President Donald Trump’s proposal for ending the war in Gaza, while submitting a series of amendments, a source familiar with the negotiations told The Times of Israel on Thursday, adding that the response could come within hours. Associated Press: Israeli strikes kill dozens in Gaza as Hamas considers its response to Trump’s peace proposal Israeli strikes and gunfire killed at least 57 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, health officials said Thursday, as Hamas was still considering its response to U.S. President Donald Trump’s proposal for ending the nearly two-year war. Times of Israel: Leader of armed Gazan group claims it foiled Hamas attack with IDF assistance Hossam al-Astal, who leads an armed group supported by Israel east of Khan Younis, tells The Times of Israel that they thwarted a Hamas attack this morning in al-Mawasi, Khan Younis, with the assistance of the IDF. Iraq Kurdistan24: SDF Says Two Fighters Wounded in Armed Assault North of Raqqa The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) announced on Friday that one of their military vehicles came under attack by an unidentified armed group near the village of al-Mu’ayzilah, north of Raqqa. According to an SDF statement shared on the social media platform X, the assault left two of their fighters wounded. The injured personnel are receiving medical treatment. Israel Associated Press: Israel intercepts the last boat from the Gaza flotilla as Israeli minister mocks the activists Israeli forces intercepted on Friday the last boat from an international flotilla trying to break Israel’s sea blockade of war-ravaged Gaza as cities around the world erupted into more protests against Israeli actions in Gaza and the arrests of some 450 activists who were on the boats. Reuters: Israeli military stops nearly all boats in aid flotilla, sparking global protests Israel faced international condemnation and protests on Thursday after its military intercepted almost all of about 40 boats in a flotilla carrying aid to Gaza and took captive more than 450 foreign activists, including Swedish campaigner Greta Thunberg. Cameras broadcasting live feeds from the boats showed armed Israeli soldiers in helmets and night vision goggles boarding the ships, while passengers huddled in life vests with their hands up. Lebanon Naharnet: Interior minister seeks dissolution of pro-Hezbollah art association Following the controversy sparked by the illumination of the iconic Raouche Rock with images of slain Hezbollah chiefs Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah and Sayyed Hashem Safieddine, Interior Minister Ahmad al-Hajjar on Friday demanded the dissolution of the Lebanese Art Association-Rissalat. Naharnet: Cabinet to discuss Monday army's 1st report on arms monopoly plan Cabinet will convene at 3:00 pm Monday to discuss the army's first monthly report on its arms monopoly plan, TV networks said on Friday. Cabinet had on August 5 tasked the army with developing a plan to restrict arms to the state by year end, an unprecedented move that theoretically paves the way for disarming Hezbollah. Naharnet: Larijani says Hezbollah still strong but doesn't want to violate ceasefire Iran's Supreme National Security Council chief Ali Larijani said that Tehran’s ally Hezbollah remains "militarily strong and capable of tipping the scales," but noted that the group is currently idle in the face of Israel’s ceasefire violations. Qatar Afghanistan International: Former Taliban Deputy Foreign Minister Reportedly Detained In Qatar Qatari intelligence has reportedly detained Abdul Rahman Zahid, a former deputy foreign minister of the Taliban, sources told Afghanistan International. According to people close to him, Zahid has not been in contact since his detention in late August. He was reportedly taken into custody on 22 August, and his whereabouts remain unknown. Syria Reuters: Syria to establish first post-Assad parliament amid political inclusivity concerns Syria will hold an indirect vote on Sunday to establish its first parliament since Bashar al-Assad was ousted, a key step in the transition from his rule but one that has stirred concerns about political inclusivity under the country's new leaders. The process is unfolding as President Ahmed al-Sharaa tries to consolidate his hold over a nation fractured by 14 years of war and recent bouts of sectarian violence that have fueled suspicion of his Islamist-led administration among minorities. Associated Press: How Syria’s first elections since autocrat Assad’s ouster are expected to unfold Syria is set to hold parliamentary elections on Sunday for the first time since the fall of the country’s longtime autocratic leader, Bashar Assad, who was unseated in a rebel offensive in December. Under the 50-year rule of the Assad dynasty, Syria held regular elections in which all Syrian citizens could vote. But in practice, the Assad-led Baath Party always dominated the parliament, and the votes were widely regarded as sham elections. Kurdistan24: SDF Says Two Fighters Wounded in Armed Assault North of Raqqa The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) announced on Friday that one of their military vehicles came under attack by an unidentified armed group near the village of al-Mu’ayzilah, north of Raqqa. Nigeria Reuters: Thousands flee to Cameroon as Boko Haram seizes Nigerian border town More than 5,000 people have fled Nigeria's northeast into neighbouring Cameroon after Boko Haram militants seized the border town of Kirawa in Borno state, residents and community leaders said on Friday. Insurgents in Nigeria's Borno state, the epicentre of a 16-year conflict driven by Boko Haram and its splinter group Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), have upped their attacks this year against civilians and security forces. Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation: Women and children stranded in Syria return to Australia after smuggling themselves from country A small group of Australian women who travelled or were taken to Syria as partners of Islamic State members, as well as their children, have managed to smuggle themselves out of the country and have now returned home, after years of being stranded overseas. Technology Jerusalem Post: After antisemitic rants and skits, streamer allegedly sought by Twitch for partnership A Kick streamer with a recent history of engaging in antisemitic rants and skits was allegedly approached by Twitch seeking his involvement in their partnership plan, though the streaming platform insists that it had only sought to discuss their policies. PC Games: New Steam study alleges that Valve's store is home to extreme right-wing "wars" A new study claims that Steam is a hub for extreme right-wing “wars,” which aim to promote neo-fascist ideologies on Valve's platform. CEP Podcasts Unpacking the week's extremism-related anniversaries and news, as well as counter extremism developments and prospects. A deep dive into CEP's research and topics that are relevant to our mission, from our Berlin-based team.   The Counter Extremism Project (CEP) is a nonprofit and non-partisan international policy organization working to combat the growing threat posed by extremist ideologies. CEP depends on the generosity of its supporters. If you value what we do, please consider making a donation. DONATE Were you forwarded this email? Subscribe for yourself here. Counter Extremism Project (CEP) | PO Box 3980 | NEW YORK, NY 10185 US Unsubscribe | Update Profile | Constant Contact Data Notice