Research and data for criminal justice reform

Criminal Justice Research Library for July 2, 2020 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 30 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: Commercialized (In)justice Litigation Guide: Applying Consumer Laws to Commercial Bail, Prison Retail, and Private Debt Collection [[link removed]] by National Consumer Law Center, June, 2020

"States and local governments have increasingly offloaded core functions of their criminal legal systems--traditionally public services--onto private corporations operating to maximize profit for their owners and shareholders." Categories: Privatization [[link removed]] Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] Solitary Confinement is Never the Answer [[link removed]] by Unlock the Box, June, 2020

"At least 300,000 people have reportedly been placed in solitary since the advent of the pandemic, an increase of close to 500 percent over previous levels." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] The Case for Violence Interruption Programs as an Alternative to Policing [[link removed]] by The Justice Collaborative Institute, June, 2020

"In cities and neighborhoods across the country, [violence interruption] programs have consistently proven to effectively and efficiently reduce gun violence while also helping people to build healthier, more stable lives." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Failing Grades: States' Responses to COVID-19 in Jails & Prisons [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative and ACLU, June, 2020

"Despite all of the information, voices calling for action, and the obvious need, state responses ranged from disorganized or ineffective, at best, to callously nonexistent at worst." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Sending New Yorkers to Jail: Police Unions, Campaign Contributions, and the Political Fight to Rollback Bail Reform [[link removed]] by Center for Community Alternatives, Citizen Action of New York, and the Public Policy and Education Fund of New York, June, 2020

On average, Senators who voted to expose more New Yorkers to money bail received 10 times as much in law enforcement union donations as those who voted in opposition. Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] "Whatever they do, I'm her comfort, I'm her protector." How the foster system has become ground zero for the U.S. drug war [[link removed]] by Movement for Family Power, NYU Family Defense Clinic, Drug Policy Alliance, June, 2020

"We estimate this number jumps to one in three Black and/or Latinx children having had contact with ACS in the past five years, either through an investigation, service provision or foster care." Categories: Drug Policy [[link removed]] Widespread Desire for Policing and Criminal Justice Reform [[link removed]] by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research, June, 2020

"Americans, regardless of race, strongly support policies that include body cameras, holding police accountable for excessive force and racially biased policing, and creating criteria for the use of force." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Public Opinion [[link removed]] Police Brutality Bonds: How Wall Street Profits from Police Violence [[link removed]] by Action Center on Race & the Economy, June, 2020

"In the twelve cities and counties included here, we found a total of nearly $878 million in bond borrowing to cover police related settlements and judgments." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Community Impact [[link removed]] The Broad Scope and Variation of Monetary Sanctions: Evidence From Eight States [[link removed]] by Sarah Shannon, Beth M. Huebner, Alexes Harris, et al., June, 2020

Key trends include: the lack of transparent processes in implementing this form of punishment, the wide variation in practices and policies across jurisdictions, and the ways that noncompliance deepens legal entanglements and collateral consequences. Categories: Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] #DefundPolice Toolkit: Concrete Steps Toward Divestment from Policing & Investment in Community Safety [[link removed]] by Interrupting Criminalization: Research in Action & Movement for Black Lives, June, 2020

"#DefundPolice is a strategy that goes beyond dollars and cents--it is not just about decreasing police budgets, it is about reducing the power, scope, and size of police departments." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Paying on Probation: How Financial Sanctions Intersect with Probation to Target, Trap, and Punish People Who Cannot Pay [[link removed]] by Criminal Justice Policy Program at Harvard Law School, June, 2020

"All but two states have statutes authorizing the imposition of supervision fees on people sentenced to some or all types of supervised probation." Categories: Probation and parole [[link removed]] Incarceration Weakens a Community's Immune System: Mass Incarceration and COVID-19 Cases in Milwaukee Preliminary Results [[link removed]] by Measures for Justice, June, 2020

"The number of incarcerations is a strong predictor of the number of COVID-19 cases." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Community Impact [[link removed]] The Complexities of Race and Place: Childhood Neighborhood Disadvantage and Adult Incarceration for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos [[link removed]] by Steven Elias Alvarado, June, 2020

"Blacks, the findings suggest, experience the weakest neighborhood associations with incarceration, suggesting that residential mobility for blacks does not protect against incarceration as much as it does for whites and Latinos." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Police Killings in the US: Inequalities by Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Position [[link removed]] by People's Policy Project, June, 2020

"Whites in the poorest areas have a police killing rate of 7.9 per million, compared to 2 per million in the least-poor areas." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Poverty and wealth [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] The Limits of Fairer Fines: Lessons from Germany [[link removed]] by Criminal Justice Policy Program at Harvard Law School, June, 2020

"Germany also shows us that considering ability to pay at sentencing in every case is possible without being unduly cumbersome." Categories: Poverty and wealth [[link removed]] Police Officers Rarely Charged for Excessive Use of Force in Federal Court [[link removed]] by TRAC, June, 2020

"In fact, in the twenty-year period between 1990 and 2019, federal prosecutors filed SS 242 charges about 41 times per year on average." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States [[link removed]] by Emma Pierson et al, May, 2020

"Our analysis provides evidence that decisions about whom to stop and, subsequently, whom to search are biased against black and Hispanic drivers." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] To Serve and Protect Each Other: How Police-Prosecutor Codependence Enables Police Misconduct [[link removed]] by Somil Trivedi and Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve, May, 2020

"The persistent, codependent relationship between police and prosecutors exacerbates police misconduct and violence and is aided by prosecutors in both legal and extralegal ways." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Trauma and Loss During Reentry: Early Findings from a Multi-State Trial [[link removed]] by Florida State University Institute for Justice Research and Development, May, 2020

"47% of our participants experienced at least one traumatic event in the 8 months after their release from incarceration." Categories: Mental Health [[link removed]] Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] Injustice and the Disappearance of Discretionary Detention under Trump: Detaining Low Risk Immigrants without Bond [[link removed]] by Robert Koulish and Katherine Evans, May, 2020

"The data show that officers have manipulated the risk tool by subjecting low-risk immigrants to blanket detention." Categories: Immigration [[link removed]] Examining the Relationship Between Incarceration and Population Health: The Roles of Region and Urbanicity [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Robert R. Weidner and Jennifer Schultz, May, 2020

"Results indicate that level of incarceration has a detrimental effect on both mortality and morbidity, and that these effects are more pronounced in rural and Southern counties." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Second Look for Justice, Safety and Savings: A Plan to Address Rehabilitated Youth Serving Extreme Sentences in Adult Prisons [[link removed]] by Texas Criminal Justice Coalition, May, 2020

"Texas' 40-year requirement before parole can be considered a harsh outlier, rendering its ban on juvenile LWOP virtually meaningless because the "remedy" is equally punitive and extreme." Categories: Youth [[link removed]] Sentencing Policy and Practices [[link removed]] Race and Reasonableness in Police Killings [[link removed]] by Jeffrey Fagan and Alexis Campbell, May, 2020

"Black suspects are more than twice as likely to be killed by police than are persons of other racial or ethnic groups; even when there are no other obvious circumstances during the encounter that would make the use of deadly force reasonable." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Police and Policing [[link removed]] Physical Health and Disability Among U.S. Adults Recently on Community Supervision [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Tyler N. A. Winkelman, Michelle S. Phelps, Kelly Lyn Mitchell, Latasha Jennings, and Rebecca J. Shlafer, April, 2020

"Compared to the general population, adults recently on community supervision were significantly more likely to report fair or poor health." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Probation and parole [[link removed]] Why Bail Reform is Safe and Effective: The Case of Cook County [[link removed]] by The JFA Institute, April, 2020

"Judge Evans' Order has resulted in over 3,000 people each year who no longer are needlessly jailed because they can't afford bail." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Do Public Defender Resources Matter? The Effect of Public Defender and Support Staff Caseloads on the Incarceration of Felony Defendants [[link removed]] by Aaron Gottlieb and Kelsey Arnold, April, 2020

"Results suggest that felony defendants in counties with higher public defender and support staff caseloads are more likely to be detained pretrial and that felony defendants in counties with smaller support staff caseloads receive shorter incarceration." Categories: Trials [[link removed]] Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Incarcerated Parents and Child Welfare in Washington [[link removed]] by Sayer Rippey, March, 2020

"From 2006 to 2016, 32,000 incarcerated parents in the United States permanently lost their parental rights without ever being accused of child abuse." Categories: Families [[link removed]] Police Disciplinary Appeals [[link removed]] by Stephen Rushin, 2019

"Many communities have established appeals procedures that may hamper reform efforts, contribute to officer misconduct, and limit public oversight of police departments." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Whitewashing the Jury Box: How California Perpetuates the Discriminatory Exclusion of Black and Latinx Jurors [[link removed]] by Berkeley Law Death Penalty Clinic, 2015

"We evaluated nearly 700 cases decided by the California Courts of Appeal from 2006 through 2018, which involved objections to prosecutors' peremptory challenges. In nearly 72% of these cases, district attorneys used their strikes to remove Black jurors." Categories: Trials [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] The Cumulative Probability of Arrest by Age 28 Years in the United States by Disability Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender [[link removed]] by Erin J. McCauley, 2015

"Estimates demonstrated that those with disabilities have a higher cumulative probability of arrest than those without. The risk was disproportionately spread across races/ethnicities, with Blacks with disabilities experiencing the highest risk of arrest." Categories: Disability [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Please support our work [[link removed]]

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