Over the weekend, Syrian opposition groups took over Damascus and Syrian President Bashar al-Assad fled to Moscow, a sudden and embarrassing end to his family’s half-century dictatorship.
The 13-year old Syrian Civil War, which had ground to a stalemate in recent years, united the authoritarian governments of Iran and Russia in support of Assad, but also involved an intricate web of other players, including Kurds, Sunni Arab rebel groups, international jihadist movements, Turkey, and the United States.
To make sense of the abrupt end to this complex war and where Syria heads next, RDI spoke with Jennifer Cafarella, the director of strategic initiatives at the Institute for the Study of War, a noted expert on the conflict in Syria.
The following conversation has been edited for clarity and concision.