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'Housing Discrimination Is Collective, Cumulative, Continuing' Janine Jackson ([link removed])


Janine Jackson interviewed author and UC/Santa Barbara research professor emeritus George Lipsitz about the impacts of housing discrimination for the October 11, 2024, episode ([link removed]) of CounterSpin. This is a lightly edited transcript.

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Grist: The South Bronx isn’t falling for Fresh Direct’s dirty trucks

Grist (3/10/15 ([link removed]) )

Janine Jackson: Some 10 years ago, food delivery service FreshDirect got more than $100 million of incentives to place a warehouse in a populated, poor, largely people of color community in the South Bronx, to bring heavy diesel truck traffic to asthma-inflicted neighborhoods already affected by waste treatment plants and high-traffic highways.

Groups like South Bronx Unite ([link removed]) , like Good Jobs for NY ([link removed]) , opposed these further health harms to the community, as well as the notion that a handful of insecure, poorly waged jobs could serve as compensation. South Bronx Unites’ Mychal Johnson said ([link removed] as South Bronx Unite,you can't work.%E2%80%9D) : “Of course we want jobs, but we should not have to choose between having a job and having clean air. If you can't breathe, you can't work.”

Now we understand that folks are working ([link removed]) to ([link removed]) reclaim ([link removed]) pieces of the affected community called the Harlem River Yard, including allowing access to the Harlem River waterfront, access that's been cut off to the public for a long time.

That's just one of thousands of stories that exemplify the ways that racism inflects all kinds of decisions, policies, laws, that we're told are, nowadays anyway, indifferent to race. That's a mistaken notion that hobbles our ability to respond effectively to the interconnected harms of white supremacy and myriad US institutions that, to be real, harm everyone, and not just Black and brown people.
The Danger Zone Is Everywhere, by George Lipsitz

UC Press (2024 ([link removed]) )

George Lipsitz is research professor emeritus of Black studies and sociology at the University of California/Santa Barbara. He's the author of many books, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness ([link removed]) and How Racism Takes Place ([link removed]) among them.

His most recent book, that we're here to talk about, is called The Danger Zone Is Everywhere: ([link removed]) How Housing Discrimination Harms Health and Steals Wealth. It's out now from University of California Press.

I will note that George was, for years, the chair of the board of the African American Policy Forum ([link removed]) , where I also serve as a board member. He joins us now by phone. Welcome to CounterSpin, George Lipsitz.

George Lipsitz: Thank you. So glad to be here.

JJ: Your new book addresses the interconnectedness of laws, policies and practices around housing that, without needing to be overtly coordinated, reinforce one another to produce and reproduce discriminatory outcomes. So we could really pull an opening thread anywhere here.

But when we talk about housing discrimination, I know that many folks' minds go to redlining, where officially sanctioned protocols meant Black families just couldn't buy homes in certain neighborhoods, and the thinking is, while certainly that had lasting impacts, it was years ago, and it's been legally remediated by now.

So while the book talks, importantly, about the inadequacies of the ways that harms have been diagnosed and responded to, maybe we could just start with a breakdown of some of the multiple forms of discrimination in housing that that takes. Why is it that housing is at the center of the spider web of so many other discriminatory dangers?
George Lipsitz

George Lipsitz: "A lot of housing discrimination is enacted through things that don't overtly appear to be about race, and may not even directly appear to be about housing."

GL: When I say the “danger zone is everywhere,” housing discrimination raises in peoples’ minds a direct act of discrimination, a refusal to rent or sell to a person of a targeted race, or the long effects of redlining. And these are still in effect, and they have an enormous impact on peoples’ life chances and opportunities. But a lot of housing discrimination is enacted through things that don't overtly appear to be about race, and may not even directly appear to be about housing.

I talk in the book about the ways in which low-ball home value appraisals ([link removed]) of property owned by Black people hurt their ability to sell and refinance. And those same houses haveartificially high ([link removed]) property tax appraisals, which makes them pay a disproportionate share of taxation, makes them subject to tax lien foreclosures and auctions, which have been a massive transfer of wealth, especially in the last 10 years.

Housing discrimination puts people from aggrieved groups in what Tricia Rose calls ([link removed]) “proximity to toxicity,” close to incinerators, toxic waste dumps, diesel fuels, pesticides.
CNN: Policing for profit: How Ferguson’s fines violated rights of African-Americans

CNN (3/6/15 ([link removed]) )

It also is enacted through a tax system that functions as an engine of racial inequality. Property tax relief in some cities for homeowners has meant that renters—and the city of Ferguson ([link removed]) in Missouri is an example of this—are harassed by predatory policing that imposes arbitrary fines, fees and debts on them as a way to raise municipal revenue, to make up for the subsidies that are given to people who've been able to profit from housing discrimination.

And there's also mass incarceration, a disabling process, a disease-spreading practice. It affects people's nervous systems, and anxiety produces hypertension. Even something like insurance, which appears to be race-neutral because it's determined by algorithms, the algorithms are created by humans, and they basically make the success of past discrimination an excuse for continuing and extending it by equating Black people with risk.

I'll give an example. One of the things that affects your credit score is the kind of loan that you got. And so if you got a subprime loan, even if you qualified for a prime loan, you're considered to be a credit risk, but there was nothing wrong with your behavior. It was the discrimination of the loan that was given to you.

So I say that the danger zone is everywhere, that housing discrimination harms health and steals wealth. And as you said, it not only harms its direct victims, it also squanders the skills and abilities of the people whose lives are shortened because of it, misallocates resources, and it basically increases costs of insurance and healthcare, policing, for everyone.

JJ: Let's spell just a couple of things out, first about health: Housing discrimination harming health is not limited to polluters, like I talked about FreshDirect, being placed in aggrieved communities. The impact of housing policy on health—there's a number of other pieces to that, yes?

GL: You can be in an area that has no medical services. We found that areas that have concentrated poverty, and concentrated populations of people who can't move elsewhere because of housing discrimination, have more pedestrian ([link removed]) accidents ([link removed]) . The street lighting is worse.

People who are renters in this age of incredible shortages of housing—and part of that is because of a massive buy-up of homes by private equity firms—can't really bargain with their landlords. If your landlord is somebody you know, that's one thing. If it's a private equity company that has 20,000 or 30,000 residences, you may not even be able to find out the identity of that landlord. And then it becomes very difficult to say, “Repair the furnace, make sure that the electricity is safe, make sure that the water is OK, deal with the pests and rodents that are in this place.” So it creates health hazards inside the houses. It creates hazards outside the houses.
CBS: The evolution of a food desert: How a Detroit neighborhood lost its stores

CBS (9/19/22 ([link removed]) )

Also, people who live in places where a lot of houses have been torn down—especially in a city like Detroit, where private equity firms ([link removed]) have been buying them up and tearing them down—that produces dust, which young children bring into their homes from playing in the street, and it increases their likelihood of asthma and many other deadly diseases.

Farm workers constantly live in housing that is close to pesticides, close to pollution, but they also suffer from being in places that are food deserts ([link removed]) , where you can't get nutritious food, or food swamps, where you can only get non-nutritious food. And they also suffer from the lack of medical insurance, some of that caused by the high cost of housing. It means that rather than be evicted from their homes, they'll forego necessary medicines and remedies that they would otherwise buy.

JJ: I don't believe that people understand the interconnectedness of this, and I think that's part of the way that we talk about things: Healthcare problems are one thing, housing problems are another thing. And if you disconnect those things, then you don't get what's happening. And that's exactly what I think this book is getting at, is the way that these things are immediately connected. They have everything to do with one another.

For example, stealing wealth, which is the other part of the title: People think owning a home is central to the American dream, and it's not just because you have a roof over your head. It's because you have hereditary wealth. You now own a thing that you can transfer to your children, and that has everything to do with your sense of confidence in your life, and your ability to provide for folks, and your absence from, your distance from, precarity. All of these things are connected, which I think the book is trying to get at.

GL: Yeah, well, certainly these impediments to being able to inherit assets that appreciate in value, can be passed down across generations, it's a massive transfer of wealth, and a tremendous injury that goes across generations. But it's also a matter of: housing and healthcare are talked about separately, but they're also talked about separately from education, from incarceration, from transportation, and yet they're mutually constitutive.

Even within some of these fields, when people are trained in law, they focus on the tort model of injury ([link removed] tort is an act,detriment that an individual suffers.) . And this teaches them that discrimination has to be individual, intentional, interpersonal, and that it's an aberrant practice in an otherwise fair market.

But, actually, this has nothing to do with the way housing discrimination works most of the time. Although there are 4 million instances ([link removed]) of intentional, individual, interpersonal injuries every year, housing discrimination is also collective, cumulative, continuing. It produces inequalities that can't be remedied one at a time.
Guardian: This article is more than 4 years old'It was everywhere': how lead is poisoning America's poorest children

Guardian (2/26/20 ([link removed]) )

And similarly with health, that we have an individualized model of health that imagines that people's genetics, and whether they exercise and whether they eat healthy food, is the key thing in determining their health. But there are also collective issues, like sewage management, garbage collection, coal-burning furnaces and incinerators, lead in paint and gasoline.

All of these things have an impact on health, and they not only need to be studied together, but people involved in fair housing law have to think about health justice. People who are dispensing medical care need to think about the neighborhoods that their patients come from and return to, and the impact that those neighborhoods have on their health, and on the relations between parents and children, and on even whether people are considered valued in this society.

You live in a place that tells you you’re everybody's lowest priority, you may not have a reason to want to be healthy. And then, if you add to that, the lack of physicians, the high cost of healthcare, the way in which pharmaceutical companies and insurance companies jack up the cost of healthcare, you're basically engaged in a calculated cruelty in the organized abandonment of large numbers of people.

And this harm is most egregious on children, because they can't defend themselves, because their physical systems are less able to deal with health menaces. And so we're basically squandering a large part of the next generation in a country that is increasingly made up of people who are not white, and we're basically setting those children up for failure. It's like a time bomb that will go off in the future, and there's a lot of foreseeable harm that could be prevented.

A key theory of pediatric care is that you don't just remedy illnesses after they happen. You foresee them in advance and prevent them from happening. We could do that with the environment, we could do that with nutrition. We could do that with giving people a safe, affordable living environment. But we don't do it, because there's so much money to be made from injustice.

JJ: I do want to put folks onto the book The Danger Zone Is Everywhere, because there's no way that we can address all of this in the time that we have. But I want to say, the book is enlightening about many things, and one of them is the importance of just the way that we look at, the way we see societal inequities, and the way we talk about them. And what you're saying is we're talking about rejecting this approach that addresses individuals as though they were divorced from community. We're looking at individual actions by individual landlords, and not looking at systems, and that's part of the problem.

GL: And this is what the law assumes, that an injury interrupts an otherwise just situation. You sue the individual perpetrator, you're then made whole, and you go back to being fine.

But what if you're not fine to begin with? What if there isn't one individual perpetrator? What if it's a conjuncture of obstacles in your way? Once you punish that one corporation, they declare bankruptcy, and they open up the next day with a different name.

And once the injured person wins a fair housing settlement, they go back into an innately unfair housing market, where they are disadvantaged in getting loans. They're disadvantaged in getting insurance. They're disadvantaged in their relations with the police. They're disadvantaged in relation to the schools that their children are able to go to.

So multi-axis problems need multi-axis and intersectional solutions. And that means we need to work together. It means that there's a limit to what any one of us can do as an individual to have good health or housing for ourselves, much less for the whole society.

And that's why I try to stress in the book the emerging active and engaged public sphere constituency for good health and fair housing, and fair housing councils throughout the country, and advocates and attorneys who take on those cases, public health collectives, environmental justice organizing, community gardens, food co-ops, arts-based health projects like Building Healthy Communities ([link removed]) in Boyle Heights, a whole series of community land trusts ([link removed] land trust initiative.pdf) where people pool resources to take speculation out of the market.

And so people are mobilizing precisely because they realize that as an individual, there's very little you can do. In the courtroom, the boardroom or the banker's office, there are limits to what can be done.

Now there should be justice in all of those places, and individuals are entitled to good health, good housing, to the full benefits of civil rights law. But we also need to have an understanding that race itself is a political, not a biological, category, that it functions because people see things a certain way. Racism persists because people believe that people are members of different races, and we need to see racism as structural, systemic, collective.

And good health and good housing can't just be left to be private commodities to be purchased. They're public resources, and they need to be protected by the public, and nurtured and sustained.
LAT: Profiles of people living in homeless encampments. It’s rarely what you’d expect

LA Times (5/29/22 ([link removed]) )

JJ: I'll only ask you one final question about news media, because we do see coverage, sometimes, about the difficulties of homelessness ([link removed]) , or the problems of companies like Blackstone buying up homes ([link removed]) . We see coverage. It's just that it's not connecting the dots. The story about why people are homeless is not connected to the story about venture capitalists buying up homes. It's not connected.

And so to me, it's what I call "narrating the nightmare." Something terrible is happening, and look at these harmed people, but somehow we can't name who's behind it, or how it could be stopped. “But,” media say, “you can't say we're not acknowledging it because look at this one story where we said how harmful it is.”

And it drives me up a wall, because I know that reporters aren't stupid, and I know that they're not incapable of thinking systemically. I know they don't think structural problems are boring, and I know that they don't understand that regular people could grasp them.

So I guess what I'm saying is that corporate news media suffer from some of the same ailments that you are diagnosing in healthcare and housing, and could benefit from some of the same medicine, I guess.
NYT: Widespread Racial Bias Found in Home Appraisals

New York Times (11/2/22 ([link removed]) )

GL: Yeah, and some of this has to do with the demographics of the news media industry, which is similar to the demographics of the legal profession and the medical profession. There aren't enough people who have experienced discrimination directly.

But it's also that a good plot has a beginning, a middle and an end. And so last year there were a number of stories about bias in home appraisal, ([link removed]) in which Black families got a low appraisal for their home and they then got a white friend to sit in for them, and they took down the Jacob Lawrence paintings and the Toni Morrison books. And when it appeared that the home was owned by a white person, it was as much as $500,000 more.

I'm glad they covered this, and this is a good story. And Fair Housing groups have sued about appraisal discrimination, and the National Fair Housing Alliance ([link removed]) has a whole campaign about it.

But nobody connected those instances to the systemic problems in the appraisal industry, which Elizabeth Korver-Glenn has written about in her book Race Brokers ([link removed]) . They haven't related that the low home value appraisals are connected to high property tax appraisals, as Andrew Kahrl points out in his great book The Black Tax ([link removed]) . So the information is out there, but it's just that they end the story too soon, and they assume things are going to be all right.

Lorraine Hansberry wrote this play called A Raisin in the Sun ([link removed]) , which is about a Black family moving into a white neighborhood. And at the end of the play, the Black people are in the neighborhood, and critics said, “Oh, this is a happy ending.” And Lorraine Hansberry said, “Well, if you think that's a happy ending, wait until they wake up the next morning and have bricks and rocks thrown at their house, and the neighbors don't talk to them, and the police harass them.”

And so you can't end the story too soon. We have to think about all these interconnections.

JJ: Absolutely. And we could and will continue this conversation much further.

But I just want to tell folks that we've been speaking with George Lipsitz. He's research professor emeritus of Black studies in sociology at the University of California/Santa Barbara. And the book we're talking about is called The Danger Zone Is Everywhere ([link removed]) , and it's available now from University of California Press. George Lipsitz, thank you so much for joining us this week on CounterSpin.

GL: Thank you, Janine. I really appreciate the conversation.


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