New data and analysis for criminal justice reform

Criminal Justice Research Library for August 14, 2019 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 28 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex [[link removed]] by Frank Edwards, Hedwig Lee, and Michael Esposito, August, 2019

"For young men of color, police use of force is among the leading causes of death." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Police and Policing [[link removed]] The National Initiative for Building Community Trust and Justice: Key Process and Outcome Evaluation Findings [[link removed]] by Urban Institute, August, 2019

"Although community perceptions improved in the aggregate, views of police and police legitimacy remain largely negative in the neighborhoods most affected by crime and disadvantage." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Promoting Equity with Youth Diversion [[link removed]] by R Street, July, 2019

"The full potential of diversion policies and programs are undermined when youth of different racial and ethnic backgrounds do not have the same opportunities to be diverted and are not offered programs with their individual needs in mind." Categories: Youth [[link removed]] Decreasing HIV transmissions to African American women through interventions for men living with HIV post-incarceration: An agent-based modeling study [[link removed]] by Adams et al., July, 2019

"Interventions to improve care engagement and decrease sexual risk behaviors post-incarceration for men living with HIV have the potential to decrease HIV incidence within African American heterosexual networks." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Fulfilling the Promises of Free Exercise for All: Muslim Prisoner Accommodation in State Prisons [[link removed]] by Muslim Advocates, July, 2019

"Despite Muslims constituting a significant and growing share of prisoners, many state departments of correction still have policies that are outdated, under-accommodating, or non-accommodating of Muslim prisoners." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] New York, New York: Highlights of the 2019 Bail Reform Law [[link removed]] by Vera Institute of Justice, July, 2019

"If implemented effectively, a conservative estimate of the legislation's impact suggests that New York can expect at least a 40 percent reduction overall in the state's pretrial jail population." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Network exposure and excessive use of force: Investigating the social transmission of police misconduct [[link removed]] by Marie Ouellet, Sadaf Hashimi, Jason Gravel, and Andrew V. Papachristos, July, 2019

"Our findings indicate officers' peers may serve as social conduits through which misconduct may be learned and transmitted." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Changes in Enforcement of Low-Level and Felony Offenses Post-Ferguson: An Analysis of Arrests in St. Louis, Missouri [[link removed]] by Lee Ann Slocum, Claire Greene, Beth M. Huebner, and Richard Rosenfeld, July, 2019

"We find that there was an initial reduction in low-level arrests of Whites and Blacks in the wake of Ferguson. Enforcement of misdemeanors and ordinance violations then increased and returned to expected levels, but only for Blacks." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Capital Punishment, 2017: Selected Findings [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, July, 2019

"At year-end 2017, a total of 32 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) held 2,703 prisoners under sentence of death, which was 94 (3%) less than at year-end 2016." Categories: Death Penalty [[link removed]] Use of Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in Criminal Justice Settings [[link removed]] by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, July, 2019

"Following incarceration, individuals with opioid use disorder enter back into the environment where their substance use originated. Unfortunately, this puts the individual at high risk for relapse." Categories: Drug Policy [[link removed]] Police-Mental Health Collaborations: A Framework for Implementing Effective Law Enforcement Responses for People Who Have Mental Health Needs [[link removed]] by Council of State Governments, July, 2019

"Increasingly, officers are called on to be the first--and often the only--responders to calls involving people experiencing a mental health crisis." Categories: Mental Health [[link removed]] Police and Policing [[link removed]] As Wall Street Banks Sever Ties, Private Prison Companies Stand to Lose Over $1.9B in Future Financing [[link removed]] by Center for Popular Democracy, In the Public Interest, and Public Accountability Initiative, July, 2019

"Given the six banks' commitments to provide no new financing, GEO Group and CoreCivic will potentially face a $1.9 billion shortfall when the current agreements expire." Categories: Privatization [[link removed]] Can't Pay, Can't Vote: A National Survey on the Modern Poll Tax [[link removed]] by Campaign Legal Center and the Civil Rights Clinic at Georgetown Law, July, 2019

"But, the majority of states condition rights restoration, either explicitly or implicitly, on the payment of legal financial obligations." Categories: Felon Disenfranchisement [[link removed]] Poverty and wealth [[link removed]] Still Worse Than Second-Class: Solitary Confinement of Women in the United States [[link removed]] by ACLU, June, 2019

"Nearly 70 percent of women in prison or jail have a history of mental health conditions--a much higher rate than for men in prison or jail. Solitary confinement has been shown to exacerbate underlying mental health conditions." Categories: Women [[link removed]] Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Not in Isolation: How to Reduce Room Confinement While Increasing Safety in Youth Facilities [[link removed]] by Stop Solitary for Kids, June, 2019

"It is more critical than ever that youth justice facility and agency administrators develop alternatives to room confinement consistent with evolving best practices, professional standards, and an understanding of adolescent development." Categories: Youth [[link removed]] Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Louisiana on Lockdown: A Report on the Use of Solitary Confinement in Louisiana State Prisons, With Testimony From the People Who Live It [[link removed]] by Solitary Watch, ACLU LA, and Jesuit Social Research Institute, June, 2019

"The Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections (LADOC) reported that 19 percent of the men in its state prisons--2,709 in all--had been in solitary confnement for more than two weeks. Many had been there for years or even decades." Categories: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] The California Death Penalty is Discriminatory, Unfair, and Officially Suspended. So Why Does Los Angeles District Attorney Jackie Lacey Still Seek to Use It? [[link removed]] by ACLU, June, 2019

"All of the 22 people who have received death sentences while Lacey has been in office are people of color." Categories: Death Penalty [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] LGBTQ Youth of Color Impacted by the Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Systems: A Research Agenda [[link removed]] by UCLA Williams Institute, June, 2019

"LGBTQ youth of color appear to stay longer in child welfare and juvenile justice systems and to be at elevated risk of discrimination and violence once system-involved compared to other groups of youth." Categories: LGBT [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Does our county really need a bigger jail? A guide for avoiding unnecessary jail expansion [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, May, 2019

"Counties will likely find that most people incarcerated in their local jail do not need to be incarcerated and would be better served in the community, allowing the county to avoid the costly and harmful route of jail expansion altogether." Categories: Jails [[link removed]] Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City [[link removed]] by Crime Lab New York & Science in Service of Cities, April, 2019

"After accounting for potential spatial spillovers, we find that the provision of street lights led, at a minimum, to a 36 percent reduction in nighttime outdoor index crimes." Categories: Crime and Crime Rates [[link removed]] Examining Judicial Pretrial Release Decisions: The Influence of Risk Assessments and Race [[link removed]] by Brian P. Schaefer and Tom Hughes, January, 2019

"The findings indicate that Black, moderate or high risk felony arrestees are more likely to be required to post a financial bond than non-financial bond compared to their White or lower risk counterparts." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Managing Mental Illness in Jails: Sheriffs Are Finding Promising New Approaches [[link removed]] by Police Executive Research Forum, September, 2018

"The mental health crisis in the United States has been thrust upon America's correctional agencies." Categories: Mental Health [[link removed]] Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Arrests for Drug Possession After California Proposition 47, 2011-2016 [[link removed]] by Mooney et al., August, 2018

"Reducing criminal penalties for drug possession can reduce racial/ethnic disparities in criminal justice exposure and has implications for improving health inequalities linked to social determinants of health." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Drug Policy [[link removed]] Collective Bargaining and Police Misconduct: Evidence from Florida [[link removed]] by Dhammika Dharmapala, Richard H. McAdams, and John Rappaport, January, 2018

"Collective bargaining rights lead to about a 27% increase in complaints of officer misconduct for the typical sheriff's office." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] The Impact of Police on Criminal Justice Reform: Evidence from Cincinnati, Ohio [[link removed]] by Robin S. Engel, Nicholas Corsaro, M. Murat Ozer, May, 2017

"When arrest becomes systematically viewed by police as a limited and precious commodity, to be used sparingly and for the most chronic or serious offenders, change throughout the criminal justice system will likely result." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Jails [[link removed]] Cumulative Sexual Victimization and Mental Health Outcomes Among Incarcerated Women [[link removed]] by Jennifer Hartsfield, Susan F. Sharp, and Sonya Conner, March, 2017

"Our findings confirm prior research about the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among women prisoners with more than half of the respondents reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse, similar to past research." Categories: Women [[link removed]] Effect of Pretrial Detention in Oregon [[link removed]] by Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, 2015

"After controlling for several factors (e.g., criminal history), our analyses reveal that detained defendants were more than twice as likely to be incarcerated as part of their sentence compared to those who were released prior to their disposition.." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] Survey of law enforcement access to sealed non-conviction records [[link removed]] by Collateral Consequences Resource Center, 2015

"25 states, plus two territories, the District of Columbia and the Federal system, exempt law enforcement agencies generally from sealing or expungement laws, or in a few cases have no law authorizing sealing of non-conviction records." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

Other news: Correction: Medical co-pays in Texas prisons

Our newsletter last week incorrectly reported that HB 812, a Texas bill that passed in June, lowered medical co-pays for incarcerated people from a $100 yearly fee to a $3 per-visit fee. While the original version of HB 812 would have lowered the fee to $3 per medical visit, the version that ultimately passed lowered it to $13.55 per visit. We apologize for the error and thank the observant reader who pointed it out.

Should your research be added to our Research Library? [[link removed]]

We work hard to organize all the existing research relevant to criminal justice reform, and greatly appreciate it when academics alert us to their work. Send us a message through our contact page [[link removed]] and let us know what you published that we might have missed.

Or search for your work [[link removed]] in the Research Library.

Our other newsletters General Prison Policy Initiative newsletter ( archives [[link removed]]) Ending prison gerrymandering ( archives [[link removed]])

Update which newsletters you get [link removed].

You are receiving this message because you signed up on our website [[link removed]] or you met Peter Wagner or another staff member at an event and asked to be included.

Prison Policy Initiative [[link removed]]

PO Box 127

Northampton, Mass. 01061

Web Version [link removed] Unsubscribe [link removed] Update address / join other newsletters [link removed] Donate [[link removed]] Tweet this newsletter [link removed] Forward this newsletter [link removed]

You are receiving this message because you signed up on our website or you met Peter Wagner or another staff member at an event and asked to be included.

Prison Policy Initiative

PO Box 127 Northampton, Mass. 01061

Web Version [link removed] | Update address [link removed] | Unsubscribe [link removed] | Tweet [link removed] | Share [[link removed] | Forward