“On September 25, 2024, Australia, Canada, Germany and the Kingdom of the Netherlands announced that they had formally taken steps to call on Afghanistan to cease its violations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). This is the first and key step before officially filing proceedings with the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The ICJ has a twofold role: to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States (contentious cases) and to give advisory opinions (advisory procedures) on legal questions referred to it by duly authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. The four countries called upon Afghanistan and the Taliban de facto authorities to immediately cease their violations of the human rights of women and girls and to answer the request for dialogue to address the concerns of the international community on this matter.”