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THIS WEEK IN PEOPLE’S HISTORY, AUG. 14–20  
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_ A Stone Rainbow (1909), Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out (1969), A
‘Great Assembly of the Fearless and Free’ (1819), Music’s New
Language (1959), Whites’-Only Athletics Is a Big Loser (1964), Fan
the Flames of Discontent (1909), How It All Began (1619) _

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_A RAINBOW TURNED TO STONE_

115 YEARS AGO, on August 14, 1909, Nasja Begay and Jim Mike, two
Paiute Indians with expert knowledge of the desert in southern Utah,
led, on horseback, a small expedition of geologists and surveyors from
the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. After several days’ travel
through rugged terrain, they came within sight of their objective, one
of the world’s largest natural arches, known to the local Indigenous
population as Nonnezoshe, or "rainbow turned to stone." 

The sandstone arch, which had been created by the erosive force of
wind and water, and had been a sacred site for centuries, was soon
designated Rainbow Bridge National Monument. It is now a part of the
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.
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_TURN ON, TUNE IN, DROP OUT_

55 YEARS AGO, on August 15, 1969, the 3-day Woodstock Music & Art Fair
opened in Bethel, New York, 95 miles north of New York City. With more
than 400,000 attendees who came to groove to Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson
Airplane, The Who, Janis Joplin, Grateful Dead, Ravi Shankar, Arlo
Guthrie, Country Joe McDonald and many more, it remains a pivotal
moment in the history of popular music and in the consolidation of the
countercultural revolution.
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_A GREAT ASSEMBLY OF THE FEARLESS AND FREE_

205 YEARS AGO, on August 16, 1819, some 60,000 working class people
gathered in St. Peter’s Field, a large open space in central
Manchester, to cheer speakers demanding political and economic reform.
It was said to have been the largest such gathering ever to have
occurred in England. 

Local officials responded with ruthless brutality. First they declared
the meeting to be an illegal assembly and called for the arrest of
everyone on the speakers’ platform. Then they ordered 1500 troops
and police to disperse the crowd. Some 700 cavalry charged in with
slashing sabers. At least 17 unarmed and unresisting protesters were
killed and some 700 wounded, many of them very seriously. The attack,
which was almost certainly the 19th century’s bloodiest political
event in England, was ironically labeled The Peterloo Massacre because
of its resemblance to the Battle of Waterloo, which had taken place
four years earlier.
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_‘A NEW LANGUAGE OF MUSIC’_

65 YEARS AGO, on August 17, 1959, Miles Davis’s album, “Kind of
Blue,” with Davis on trumpet, saxophonists John Coltrane and
Cannonball Adderley, pianist Bill Evans, bassist Paul Chambers and
drummer Jimmy Cobb was released by Columbia Records.  “Kind of
Blue” is widely considered to be a masterpiece, and very possibly
Davis’s greatest work. As pianist Chick Corea said of the album
later,  "It's one thing to just play a tune, or play a program of
music, but it's another thing to practically create a new language of
music, which is what Kind of Blue did."
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_WHITES’-ONLY ATHLETICS IS A BIG LOSER_

60 YEARS AGO, on August 18, 1964, the International Olympic Committee
banned South Africa from participating in the Olympics. The ban, which
remained in effect until 1992, was imposed because South Africa’s
apartheid laws outlawed competition between white and Black athletes
and only whites were allowed to represent South Africa in
international competition. 

The IOC’s decision came five years after an international movement
demanding an end to apartheid had started, and the United Nations had
begun to impose sanctions on South Africa in 1962. The IOC’s ban was
only lifted after South Africa gave apartheid up, beginning in 1992.
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_SONGS TO FAN THE FLAMES OF DISCONTENT_ 

115 YEARS AGO, on August 19, 1909, the first edition of _Songs of the
Workers, on the Road, in the Jungles, and in the Shops—Songs to Fan
the Flames of Discontent_ was published by the Industrial Workers of
the World in Spokane, Washington. Widely known as The Little Red
Songbook, the volume, which has gone through countless editions and
revisions, has never gone out of print. It remains an indispensable
pocket-sized compendium including “Up From Your Knees,” “The
Commonwealth of Toil,” “Solidarity Forever,” “Workers of the
World, Awaken!,” “There Is Power In A Union,” “The Tramp,”
“Casey Jones,” “The Rebel Girl” and “Pie in the Sky.”
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_HOW IT ALL BEGAN_

405 YEARS AGO,_ _on August 20, 1619, twenty or more people who had
been kidnapped from Africa arrived aboard an English ship, The White
Lion, at the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia, where they were
sold into slavery. They were the first of more than 12 million
Africans kidnapped from their homes and brought across the Atlantic
Ocean in chains. Their arrival is the first record of slavery in
mainland English colonies in North America.
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