New research and data for criminal justice reform

Criminal Justice Research Library for April 14, 2020 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 26 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: Which Police Departments Want Reform? Barriers to Evidence-Based Policymaking [[link removed]] by Samantha Goerger, Jonathan Mummolo, and Sean J. Westwood, April, 2020

"Many agencies that indicate interest in transparent, evidence-based policymaking are likely engaging in cheap talk, and recoil once performance evaluations are made salient." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Post-release mortality among persons hospitalized during their incarceration [[link removed]]Paywall :( by David L. Rosen, Andrew L. Kavee, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, April, 2020

"People hospitalized during incarceration constitute a particularly vulnerable, yet relatively easily identifiable priority population to focus health interventions supporting continuity of care following prison release." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Understanding Violent-Crime Recidivism [[link removed]] by J.J. Prescott, Benjamin Pyle, and Sonja B. Starr, September, 2020

"Although estimates vary, our synthesis of the available evidence suggests that released violent offenders, especially homicide offenders who are older at release, have lower overall recidivism rates relative to other released offenders." Categories: Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] Reforms without Results: Why states should stop excluding violent offenses from criminal justice reforms [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, April, 2020

"Almost all of the major criminal justice reforms passed in the last two decades explicitly exclude people accused and convicted of violent offenses." Categories: Sentencing Policy and Practices [[link removed]] Jail Inmates in 2018 [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2020

"The male jail inmate population decreased 9% from 2008 to 2018, while the female inmate population increased 15%." Categories: Jails [[link removed]] The Case for Clean Slate in North Carolina [[link removed]] by R Street, March, 2020

"1.6 million North Carolinians, or close to one in five individuals, have a criminal record." Categories: Community Impact [[link removed]] Contraception need and available services among incarcerated women in the United States: a systematic review [[link removed]] by Mishka S. Peart & Andrea K. Knittel, March, 2020

"Incarcerated women desire access to standard and emergency contraception from carceral health care systems." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Women [[link removed]] Long-term consequences of being placed in disciplinary segregation [[link removed]] by Christopher Wildeman and Lars Hojsgaard Andersen, March, 2020

"The results from matched difference-in-differences analyses show that Danish inmates placed in disciplinary segregation experience larger drops in employment and larger increases in the risk of being convicted of a new crime in the 3 years after release." Categories: International Incarceration Comparisons [[link removed]] Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Connecting Families: Compelling messaging for prison phone justice campaigns [[link removed]] by Worth Rises, March, 2020

"71% of people support providing families and their loved ones behind bars phone calls at no cost." Categories: Public Opinion [[link removed]] Privatization [[link removed]] Racial Inequities in New York Parole Supervision [[link removed]] by Kendra Bradner and Vincent Schiraldi, March, 2020

"Black and Latinx people are significantly more likely than white people to be under supervision, to be jailed pending a violation hearing, and to be incarcerated in New York State prisons for a parole violation." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Probation and parole [[link removed]] Opioids, Race, and Drug Enforcement: Exploring Local Relationships Between Neighborhood Context and Black-White Opioid-Related Possession Arrests [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Ellen A. Donnelly, Jascha Wagner, Madeline Stenger, Hannah G. Cortina, Daniel J. O'Connell, Tammy L. Anderson, March, 2020

"Calls for police service for overdoses increase White arrests in more advantaged, rural communities. Economic disadvantage and racial diversity in neighborhoods more strongly elevate possession arrest rates among Blacks relative to Whites." Categories: Drug Policy [[link removed]] Police and Policing [[link removed]] Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] The Future of Dignity: Insights from the Texas Women's Dignity Retreat [[link removed]] by Texas Criminal Justice Coalition, March, 2020

"Female incarceration in Texas has increased at more than twice the rate of male incarceration over the past 40 years." Categories: Women [[link removed]] Demonstrations, demoralization, and de-policing [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Christopher J. Marier and Lorie A. Fridell, March, 2020

"Post-Ferguson protests in 2014 did not appreciably worsen police morale nor lead to substantial withdrawal from most police work, suggesting that the police institution is resilient to exogenous shocks." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] The National Registry of Exonerations Annual Report [[link removed]] by The National Registry of Exonerations, March, 2020

"Last year saw a record number of years lost to prison by defendants exonerated for crimes they did not commit--1,908 years in total for 143 exonerations, an average of 13.3 years lost per exoneree." Categories: General [[link removed]] Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020 [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2020

"The American criminal justice system holds almost 2.3 million people" Categories: General [[link removed]] Data Collected Under the First Step Act, 2019 [[link removed]] by Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2020

At year-end 2018, a total of 80,599 people in federal prisons-- or 45% of the BOP population--were the parent, step-parent, or guardian of a minor child. Categories: General [[link removed]] Five ways the criminal justice system could slow the pandemic [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2020

"Given the toll COVID-19 has already taken on our jails and prisons, as well as our society at large, the time is now for federal, state, and local officials to put public health before punishment." Categories: Health impact [[link removed]] Technical violations, immigration detainers, and other bad reasons to keep people in jail [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative, March, 2020

"We found that across 10 urban areas, the share of people held at least in part for probation or parole reasons ranged widely, from 6% to 58% of the average daily jail population." Categories: Probation and parole [[link removed]] Treatment Needs and Gender Differences Among Clients Entering a Rural Drug Treatment Court With a Co-Occurring Disorder [[link removed]] by The National Drug Court Resource, Policy, and Evidence-Based Practice Center, February, 2020

"Males had longer CJ involvement, alcohol use, and more needle sharing compared to females. Females reported more trauma, sexual abuse, interpersonal violence, chronic and recent medical conditions, unstable housing, and a lower rate of employment." Categories: Women [[link removed]] Policing the American University [[link removed]] by Civilytics Consulting LLC, February, 2020

"Since reporting began, campus police departments arrests of black adults have annually increased. Recent reductions in total arrests are due to a sharp decrease in arrests of white adults." Categories: Police and Policing [[link removed]] Mapping disadvantage: The geography of incarceration in New York [[link removed]] by Prison Policy Initiative and VOCAL-NY, February, 2020

"A relatively small number of areas in New York are disproportionately impacted by incarceration, and high imprisonment rates correlate with other community problems related to poverty, employment, education, and health." Categories: Community Impact [[link removed]] Recommendations for Addressing Racial Bias in Risk and Needs Assessment in the Juvenile Justice System [[link removed]] by Child Trends, January, 2020

"Because risk and needs assessments may disproportionately impact youth of color, there is a need to improve their accuracy and underlying properties." Categories: Youth [[link removed]] Time, Money, and Punishment: Institutional Racial-Ethnic Inequalities in Pretrial Detention and Case Outcomes [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Brandon P. Martinez, Nick Petersen, Marisa Omori, October, 2019

"Results indicate that time and money significantly stratify defendants by race and ethnicity, where bond amounts increase time detained, and that time detained in turn reinforces racial inequalities in conviction and incarceration." Categories: Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] The Race of Defendants and Victims in Pennsylvania Death Penalty Decisions: 2000-2010 [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Jeffery T. Ulmer, John H. Kramer, and Gary Zajac, August, 2019

"We find that those who kill white victims, regardless of defendant race, are more likely to receive the death penalty." Categories: Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Death Penalty [[link removed]] Federal Sentencing of Hispanic Defendants in Changing Immigrant Destinations [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Jeffery T. Ulmer and Brandy R. Parker, June, 2019

"New destinations, along with non-immigrant destinations, sentenced Hispanic non-citizens more harshly, especially the undocumented." Categories: Immigration [[link removed]] Life Without Parole Sentencing [[link removed]] by Brandon L. Garrett, Karima Modjadid, Kristen Renberg, 2015

"We find a strong path dependency and concentration of LWOP sentences in prosecution districts, suggesting that prosecutorial discretion explains the rise in the use of such sentences." Categories: Sentencing Policy and Practices [[link removed]] Please support our work [[link removed]]

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Other news: Highlight from the Research Library: New study shows low recidivism among people convicted of violence [[link removed]]

As we explained in our recent report Reforms Without Results, [[link removed]] releasing people convicted of violent offenses is much less dangerous than one might think. A new study provides even more evidence of this. Drawing on post-release data from hundreds of thousands of formerly incarcerated people, the study finds that only one out of every 20 people convicted of a violent offense went on to be re-incarcerated for another violent offense within three years. And among individuals over the age of 55 — those most at risk of dying from COVID-19 — recidivism rates were even lower: Fewer than 1 percent were re-incarcerated within 3 years.

Read the study. [[link removed]] Or read the authors' essay about the study [[link removed]] in Slate.

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