22 new studies on policing, racial disparities, the death penalty, and more.

Criminal Justice Research Library for May 29, 2024 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 22 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: COVID-19 [[link removed]] Vaccine Effectiveness Against SARS-CoV-2 Related Hospitalizations in People who had Experienced Homelessness or Incarceration - Findings from the Minnesota EHR Consortium [[link removed]] by Malini B. DeSilva, Gregory Knowlton, Nayanjot K. Rai, et al., December, 2023

"Despite lower vaccination rates and potential for higher COVID-19 exposures in people experiencing homelessness or incarceration, COVID-19 vaccines reduced risk for SARS-CoV-2 related hospitalizations." COVID-19 Vaccination of People Experiencing Homelessness and Incarceration in Minnesota [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Riley D. Shearer, Katherine Diaz Vickery, Peter Bodurtha, et al., June, 2022

"By the end of 2021, 64% of the general population in Minnesota and 71% of people recently incarcerated in prison had completed the COVID-19 vaccine series, far exceeding the rate among people experiencing homelessness (34%) or jail incarceration (30%)." Death Penalty [[link removed]] Lethal injection in the modern era: Cruel, unusual, and racist [[link removed]] by Reprieve, April, 2024

"Black people had 220% higher odds of suffering a botched lethal injection execution than white people from 1976 to 2023." Education [[link removed]] Access to Psychiatric and Education Services During Incarceration in the United States [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Brandy F. Henry & Joy Gray, May, 2023

"Psychiatric disorders were associated with lower educational attainment before incarceration and lower access to education services during incarceration." Health impact [[link removed]] Forgotten Fundamentals: A Review of State Legislation on Nutrition for Incarcerated Pregnant and Postpartum People [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Julia Vitagliano, Talia Shalev, Jennifer B Saunders, Ellen Mason, Jamie Stang, Rebecca Shlafer, & Bethany Kotlar, March, 2024

"Less than a third of states had nutrition-related mandates [for incarcerated pregnant people] and no states had statutes that included all key nutrition recommendations." Racial differences in testing for infectious diseases: An analysis of jail intake data [[link removed]] by Alysse G. Wurcel, Rubeen Guardado, Emily D. Grussing, et al., December, 2023

"In one Massachusetts jail 2016-2020, Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic people were more likely to opt-in to and complete infectious disease testing than white people. These findings could be related to racial disparities in access to care in the community." The Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Incarcerated Older Adults [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Jacques Baillargeon, Lannette C Linthicum, Owen J Murray, et al., December, 2023

"35% of our random sample of incarcerated older adults in Texas prisons met the threshold for mild cognitive impairment and 9.1% met the threshold for dementia." Health Insurance and Mental Health Treatment Use Among Adults With Criminal Legal Involvement After Medicaid Expansion [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Benjamin A. Howell, Laura C. Hawks, Lilanthi Balasuriya, Virginia W. Chang, Emily A. Wang, & Tyler N. A. Winkelman, April, 2023

"Medicaid expansion was associated with an 18 percentage-point increase in insurance coverage but no change in receipt of substance use treatment among individuals with substance use disorder." Cancer incidence among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated individuals: A statewide retrospective cohort study [[link removed]] by Jenerius A. Aminawung, Pamela R. Soulos, Oluwadamilola T. Oladeru, et al., March, 2023

"Among Connecticut residents from 2005-16, cancer incidence was lower in incarcerated individuals, but higher in recently released individuals compared with the general population, and across all race and ethnic strata." State level variation in substance use treatment admissions among criminal legal-referred individuals [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Riley D. Shearer, Tyler N.A. Winkelman, & Utsha G. Khatri, November, 2022

"Methamphetamine use was the most common substance leading to treatment referral from the criminal legal system in 24 states while opioid use was the most common reason for non-criminal legal referrals in 34 states." Evaluation of Changes in US Health Insurance Coverage for Individuals With Criminal Legal Involvement in Medicaid Expansion and Nonexpansion States, 2010 to 2017 [[link removed]] by Benjamin A. Howell, Laura Hawks, Emily A. Wang, and Tyler N. A. Winkelman, April, 2022

"Medicaid expansion was associated with a 14.9-percentage point increase in insurance coverage...for low-income adults with recent criminal legal involvement." Employment and Health Among Recently Incarcerated Men Before and After the Affordable Care Act (2009-2017) [[link removed]] by Carmen M. Gutierrez and Becky Pettit, January, 2020

"After ACA implementation, uninsurance decreased by 26 percentage points among recently incarcerated, unemployed men." The Affordable Care Act, Insurance Coverage, & Health Care Utilization of Previously Incarcerated Young Men: 2008-2015 [[link removed]] by Tyler N.A. Winkelman, HwaJung Choi, and Matthew M. Davis, March, 2017

"Uninsurance declined significantly among previously incarcerated men after the 2014 ACA implementation (-5.9 percentage points), primarily because of an increase in private insurance." Justice-Involved Adults With Substance Use Disorders: Coverage Increased But Rates Of Treatment Did Not In 2014 [[link removed]] by Brendan Saloner, Sachini N. Bandara, Emma E. McGinty, and Colleen L. Barry, June, 2016

"In 2014, after ACA implementation, the uninsurance rate among justice-involved individuals with substance use disorders declined from 38% to 28%... [and those] receiving treatment were more likely to have care paid for by Medicaid than in the prior decade" Police and Policing [[link removed]] The "Profane Margins" of the State: Florida Sheriff Walter R. Clark and the Local History of Crime, Policing, and Incarceration [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Cindy Hahamovitch, 2023

"[...] we can find sheriffs with myriad responsibilities, unbridled power, and little oversight almost everywhere in the United States." Probation and parole [[link removed]] Minnesota Statewide Probation and Supervised Release Outcomes Report for 2019 Annual Report 2023 [[link removed]] by Minnesota Department of Corrections, December, 2023

"70% of the individuals leaving supervised release in Minnesota in 2019 had no new felony convictions within three years." Race and ethnicity [[link removed]] Racial Differences in Self-Report of Mental Illness and Mental Illness Treatment in the Community: An Analysis of Jail Intake Data [[link removed]] by Narcissa Plummer, Rubeen Guardado, Yvane Ngassa, et al., September, 2023

"In a Massachusetts jail, Hispanic, Black (NH), Asian/Pacific Islander (NH), other race/ethnicity people were less likely to report a history of mental illness at jail intake, and less likely to report receiving psychiatric medications in the community." Recidivism and Reentry [[link removed]] Criminal record stigma, race, and neighborhood inequality [[link removed]] by Laura M. DeMarco, July, 2023

"The criminal record effect is estimated to be twice as large in gentrifying compared with nongentrifying neighborhoods and stronger in communities where the relative size of the Black population is shrinking." Following Incarceration, Most Released Offenders Never Return to Prison [[link removed]]Paywall :( by William Rhodes, Gerald Gaes, Jeremy Luallen, Ryan Kling, Tom Rich, and Michael Shively, September, 2014

"Roughly two of every three offenders who enter and exit prison will never return to prison." Women [[link removed]] Women and Massachusetts County Jails: An Introduction [[link removed]] by Women & Incarceration Project, Center for Women's Health & Human Rights at Suffolk University, March, 2024

"The large majority of women in Massachusetts county jails are aged 39 or younger. In contrast, ages are more evenly distributed among women at MCI-Framingham (a Massachusetts state prison)." Youth [[link removed]] Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest [[link removed]] by Benjamin W. Fisher & Alex O. Widdowson, June, 2023

"Within a given wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort, students who experienced an increase in suspension also experienced an increase of approximately 56.2% in their odds of being arrested in that same wave." Health Care Access and Use Among Children & Adolescents Exposed to Parental Incarceration - United States, 2019 [[link removed](22)00525-3/fulltext] by Rohan Khazanchi, Nia J. Heard-Garris, & Tyler N.A. Winkelman, October, 2022

"Parental incarceration was associated with an additional 123,703 children with no usual source of care, 114,795 with forgone dental care needs, 75,434 with delayed mental health care needs, and 53,678 with forgone mental health care needs" Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

Other news: Sens. Booker & Warren introduce measure to end prison and jail "junk fees" [[link removed]]

Last week, Sen. Cory Booker of New Jersey and Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts introduced the Families Over Fees Act [[link removed]], to crack down on junk fees in prisons and jails.

The Biden administration has worked to eliminate junk fees, but so far, their efforts have not helped incarcerated people and their families. As we explain in this blog post [[link removed]], this new measure would change that.

New report exposes how "Inmate Welfare Funds" in at least 49 prison systems use families' money to pad prison budgets [[link removed]]

In virtually every state, incarcerated people and their families subsidize the operation of prisons and jails when they pay for phone calls and commissary items, or make deposits into their loved ones' accounts.

In a new report released this month [[link removed]], we explain that this money often goes into so-called "inmate welfare funds," that are supposed to help incarcerated people but are frequently used for staff-perks, construction projects, and more.

Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

Our other newsletters General Prison Policy Initiative newsletter ( archives [[link removed]]) Ending prison gerrymandering ( archives [[link removed]])

Update your newsletter subscriptions [link removed].

You are receiving this message because you signed up on our website [[link removed]] or you met Peter Wagner or another staff member at an event and asked to be included.

Prison Policy Initiative [[link removed]]

PO Box 127

Northampton, Mass. 01061

Web Version [link removed] Unsubscribe [link removed] Update address / join other newsletters [link removed] Donate [[link removed]] Tweet this newsletter [link removed] Forward this newsletter [link removed]

You are receiving this message because you signed up on our website or you met Peter Wagner or another staff member at an event and asked to be included.

Prison Policy Initiative

PO Box 127 Northampton, Mass. 01061

Did someone forward this to you? If you enjoyed reading, please subscribe! [[link removed]] Web Version [link removed] | Update address [link removed] | Unsubscribe [link removed] | Share via: Twitter [link removed] Facebook [[link removed] Email [link removed]