23 new reports on policing, mental health, probation, poverty, and more.

Criminal Justice Research Library for April 23, 2024 Bringing you the latest in empirical research about mass incarceration

We've The Prison Policy Initiative has added 23 new reports to the Research Library [[link removed]]: Conditions of Confinement [[link removed]] Sex Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Institutional Misconduct among Adults in Prison [[link removed]] by Minnesota Department of Corrections, March, 2024

"In a sample of more than 6,000 men in MN prisons, men who reported 4 or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) had a 30% increase in the hazard of any type of disciplinary conviction (DC) compared to those with 0 ACEs" Gender Differences in the Determinants of Prison Rule Violations [[link removed]] by Katarzyna Celinska & Hung-En Sung, 2014

"Women averaged 1.96 infractions per person who violated a rule as compared with the rate of 2.27 infractions per person who violated a rule found among men. Women in prison were not only less likely to break rules but also did so less frequently than men." Economics of Incarceration [[link removed]] Unsustainable: Alabama's Increasing Trend of Keeping the Elderly Behind Bars [[link removed]] by Alabama Appleseed Center for Law & Justice, November, 2022

"The average age of the Alabama prison population has a positive linear relationship (r=.88) with spending in the "Medical Services" category and the average daily system-wide inmate cost adjusted for inflation." Education [[link removed]] Degrees of difference: Do college credentials earned behind bars improve labor market outcomes? [[link removed]] by Abby Ballou, March, 2024

"Employers presented with an applicant who earned a bachelor's degree or sub-baccalaureate certificate in prison had a 42 percent higher odds of indicating willingness to call back the applicant, compared to an applicant with a GED (p = .001)." Health impact [[link removed]] Mental and physical health morbidity among people in prisons: an umbrella review [[link removed](24)00023-9/fulltext] by Louis Favril, Josiah D Rich, Jake Hard, & Seena Fazel, April, 2024

"Among incarcerated adults, the 6-month prevalence was 11% for major depression, 10% for PTSD, and 4% for psychotic illness...18% of people were antibody-positive for hepatitis C virus, 2.6% - 5.2% found for hepatitis B, HIV, and TB." Recommended Mental Health Practices for Individuals Interacting With US Police, Court, Jail, Probation, & Parole Systems [[link removed]] by Jennifer E Johnson, Niloofar Ramezani, Jill Viglione, Maji Hailemariam, & Faye S Taxman, March, 2024

"Of the 59 recommended practices identified (e.g., permanent supportive housing, Medicaid continuity, medications, and psychotherapies) - each practice was present for criminal legal-involved individuals in only 22%-43% of U.S. counties." Jail Characteristics and Availability of Opioid Treatment Services: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Albert M. Kopak & Sierra D. Thomas, March, 2024

"Jail facilities located in the Northeast, larger jails, those in urban areas, and detention centers with higher turnover rates are significantly more likely to provide a wider variety of opioid treatment services." State Medicaid Initiatives Targeting Substance Use Disorder in Criminal Legal Settings, 2021 [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Cashell D Lewis, Christina Andrews, Amanda J Abraham, Melissa Westlake, Faye S Taxman, & Colleen M Grogan, March, 2024

"In 2021, the majority of states did not report any targeted Medicaid initiatives for persons with substance use disorders residing in criminal legal settings (jails, prisons, community corrections)." Mental health, chronic and infectious conditions among pregnant persons in US state prisons and local jails 2016-2017 [[link removed]] by Caitlin A Hendricks, Karissa M Rajagopal, Carolyn B Sufrin, Camille Kramer, & Monik C Jimenez, March, 2024

"Of the 445 newly admitted pregnant people in prisons and 243 in jails, 34% in prison and 23.5% in jail had a substance use disorder, and 27.4% of those in prison and 17.7% in jail had a psychiatric diagnosis. 20% in prison and 6.6% in jail had hepatitis C" The association between attitudes and the provision of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in United States jails [[link removed]] by Aly Pfaff, Amy Cochran, Jessi Vechinski, Todd Molfenter, & Gabriel Zayas-Caband, March, 2024

"Jails with staff with negative attitudes towards methadone & positive attitudes towards naltrexone were associated with fewer people screened for opioid use disorder (OUD), diagnosed, referred to treatment while in jail & after release, and provided MAT." Incarceration History and Access to and Receipt of Health Care in the US [[link removed]] by Jingxuan Zhao, Jessica Star, Xuesong Han, Zhiyuan Zheng, Qinjin Fan, Sylvia Kewei Shi, Stacey A. Fedewa, K. Robin Yabroff, Leticia M. Nogueira, February, 2024

"People with incarceration history had lower percentages of having a usual source of care or receiving preventive services: physical exams, blood pressure, cholesterol, or glucose tests, dental check ups, & breast and colorectal cancer screenings." Mortality Among Individuals Released from U.S. Prisons: Does Military History Matter? [[link removed]] by Minnesota Department of Corrections, November, 2023

"When model specification was improved by accounting for the sociodemographic and legal histories of returnees, we found that veterans showed no greater or less risk of mortality compared to non-veterans." Hepatitis C Epidemiology in a Large Urban Jail: A Changing Demographic [[link removed]] by Emily Hoff, Andrea Warden, Ruby Taylor, and Ank E. Nijhawan, March, 2022

"Among people in Dallas County Jail from 2015-19, HCV antibody positivity was significantly associated with older age, female sex, non-Hispanic White race versus non-Hispanic Black race, & being released to prison versus not." New prisons for old men? [[link removed]] by Alabama Appleseed Center for Law & Justice, July, 2021

"The number of young people (age 15 to 30) in Alabama prisons has been cut in half over the last 15 years. Meanwhile, the number of people over age 50 has doubled. People over 50 are the least likely to re-offend and the most expensive to incarcerate..." Jails [[link removed]] Jail Conditions And Mortality: Death Rates Associated With Turnover, Jail Size, And Population Characteristics [[link removed]] by Jessica L. Adler and Weiwei Chen, June, 2023

"Jails with higher turnover rates, capacity occupied, & populations were more likely to have higher overall mortality. Deaths due to suicide, drugs and alcohol, and homicide showed a significant association with high turnover." Mental Health [[link removed]] Barriers to access to psychiatric medications in Missouri county jails [[link removed]] by Jessica K Burval, Courtney A Iuppa, Carrie R Kriz, Shelby E Lang, Leigh Anne Nelson, Nicole A Gramlich, Ellie S R Elliott, & Roger W Sommi, October, 2023

"Of the 51 jails surveyed, only 57% of jails were able to provide long-acting injectable antipsychotics, 22% charged a fee for administration of medications, and 31% would not adjust medication times based on food requirements." Lifetime and Jail-Specific Suicidal Ideation: Prevalence and Correlates in a Sample of People in Jail in the United States [[link removed]] by Bryce E. Stoliker, Haile Wangler, Frances P. Abderhalden, and Lisa M. Jewell, April, 2023

"Approximately 45% of the 196 people sampled reported a lifetime history of suicidal ideation (SI) & 30% reported SI during the current incarceration... Those who identified as non-men reported a higher prevalence than men on lifetime and jail-specific SI" Police and Policing [[link removed]] Misdemeanor Enforcement Trends in New York City, 2016-2022 [[link removed]] by Brennan Center for Justice, March, 2024

"In 2021 and 2022, approximately half of all minor offense cases were dismissed. Overall, the proportion of non-convictions increased steadily from 47% in 2016 to 70% in 2022." Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States [[link removed]]Paywall :( by Gian Maria Campedelli, February, 2024

"The likelihood of a homicide clearance is 3.4 to 4.8 percent lower for homicides involving Black victims, and this race effect is slightly higher for males and that racial disparity has moderately but significantly increased over time." The deadliest local police departments kill 6.91 times more frequently than the least deadly departments... [[link removed]] by Josh Leung-Gagne, 2024

"The deadliest police departments [in the U.S.] kill 6.91 times more frequently than the least deadly departments, after accounting for variation in risk to officers and trauma care access." Poverty and wealth [[link removed]] Stalled: Alabama's Destructive Practice of Suspending Driver's Licenses [[link removed]] by Alabama Appleseed Center for Law & Justice, February, 2020

"A 2018 survey of Alabamians whose licenses were suspended due to unpaid tickets found 89% had to choose between basic needs like food, utilities, or medicine and paying what they owed and 64% were jailed in connection with unpaid traffic debt." Pretrial Detention [[link removed]] The Effects of Pretrial Detention Length on Sentencing Guideline Departures in Two Pennsylvania Counties [[link removed]] by Victoria R. Wrigley & Tre Schumacher, December, 2023

"A 2.7-fold increase in pretrial detention length was associated with a 15% reduction in the odds of a sentence differing from the recommended sentence, an 8% reduction in the odds of a shorter sentence, and an 11% increase in the odds of a longer sentence" Probation and parole [[link removed]] Reducing Missed Appointments for Probation and Parole Supervision: a Randomized Experiment with Text Message Reminders [[link removed]] by Charise Hastings, Chris Thomas, Michael Ostermann, Jordan M. Hyatt, & Steve Payne, December, 2021

"The best attendance of scheduled probation/parole meetings was found in the treatment group assigned to late text reminders 1 day before the appointment. That group had 29% fewer no-shows and 21% fewer cancelled appointments than the control group." Please support our work [[link removed]]

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Other news: New data and visualizations spotlight states' reliance on excessive jailing [[link removed]]

One out of every three people behind bars is being held in a local jail, yet jails get almost none of the attention that prisons do.

In our newest briefing [[link removed]], we've put together 150 visualizations and comprehensive data tables that show what's driving the growth of jail populations.

Recent data offer a detailed snapshot of the cost of family contact in local jails [[link removed]]

Some of the questions we receive most often about communication policies (and rates) in local jails can finally be answered, thanks to two new resources from Michigan and Minnesota.

In this recent briefing [[link removed]], we examine two unique data sets that provide information on kickbacks, visitation, and more in Michigan and Minnesota jails.

Please support our work [[link removed]]

Our work is made possible by private donations. Can you help us keep going? We can accept tax-deductible gifts online [[link removed]] or via paper checks sent to PO Box 127 Northampton MA 01061. Thank you!

Our other newsletters General Prison Policy Initiative newsletter ( archives [[link removed]]) Ending prison gerrymandering ( archives [[link removed]])

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