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THIS WEEK IN PEOPLE’S HISTORY, APR 2–8  
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_ A Jury Frees the Panther 21 (in 1969), 8 Hours a Day is Long Enough
to Work (1919), When You're Hot, You're Hot (1964), Take Your War and
Shove It! (1969), You CAN Fight City Hall (1934), Inventing Email
Wasn't Easy (1969), Jim Crow Must Go! (1964) _

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_A Jury Frees the Panther 21 in 1969_
 
55 YEARS AGO, on April 2, 1969, New York City police staged multiple
pre-dawn raids to arrest 19 people associated with the Black Panther
Party on charges of conspiring to plan bombings and sniper attacks.
Two others who had been indicted evaded arrest for seven months. Bail
for the accused was set at astronomically high levels, with the result
that most of the defendants remained in jail until their trial ended
more than two years later. When the trial took place, almost all of
the "evidence" against the defendants turned out to be testimony by
three undercover police, who had infiltrated the group by posing as
supporters. It became clear in the course of the trial that the police
informers had been the prime instigators of the plans to break the
law. As a result, the jury needed less than four hours to go through
the 156-count indictment and acquit everyone on each charge.
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_8 HOURS A DAY IS LONG ENOUGH TO WORK IN 1919_

105 YEARS AGO, on April 3, 1919, Spain enacted a law that restricted
the workday in all Spanish workplaces to eight hours. Previously,
other countries had mandated the 8-hour day for specific industries or
categories of workers, such as women, but Spain was the world's first
jurisdiction to apply the rule to every worker in the country.  

The 8-hour law had been agreed to in order to settle a weeks-long
general strike that had virtually shut down Barcelona, Spain's largest
industrial city. The strike had started in the city's main electric
generating station, the shut-down of which had the effect of bringing
most industrial activity and public transportation to a halt.  Tens
of thousands of workers who had not been striking at first joined the
strike when the lack of electricity made work impossible. In order to
end the strike, the government not only agreed to mandating an 8-hour
day, it also released thousands of workers who had been arrested for
striking.  All workers who had been fired for striking were rehired.
Many large employers recognized unions for the first time and also
increased wages.
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_WHEN YOU'RE HOT, YOU'RE HOT IN 1964_

60 YEARS AGO, on April 4, 1964, the world of popular music experienced
a completely unprecedented event. On this day, the top 5 positions on
the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart were by a single artist: The
Beatles.  Numbers 1 to 5 were “Can’t Buy Me Love”, “Twist and
Shout”, “She Loves You”, “I Want to Hold Your Hand” and
“Please Please Me.” Equally unprecedented was that the Beatles had
a total of 12 songs in the top 100, including "I Saw Her Standing
There" (#31), "From Me To You" (41), ""Do You Want To Know A Secret"
(46), "All My Loving" (58), "You Can't Do That" (65), "Roll Over
Beethoven" (68), and "Thank You Girl." (79).
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_TAKE YOUR WAR AND SHOVE IT! IN 1969_

55 YEARS AGO, on April 5, 1969, tens of thousands of people all over
the U.S. took to the streets to demand an end to the U.S. war against
the Vietnamese people. Major demonstrations took place in  Manhattan,
Philadelphia, Washington DC, Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles,
not to mention large gatherings in Boston, Cleveland, Denver, Portland
and Seattle.
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_YOU CAN FIGHT CITY HALL IN 1934_

90 YEARS AGO, on April 6, 1934, some 6000 militant demonstrators
besieged City Hall in Minneapolis, Minnesota, effectively imprisoning
the City Council meeting inside. For more than four hours the police
-- using tear gas and billy clubs -- attempted unsuccessfully to lift
the siege. The police had installed machine guns in the building in
anticipation of the demonstration, but they refrained from using
them. 

The protesters, many of whom were Communist Party activists, were
demanding an immediate and substantial increase in relief payments to
thousands of unemployed city residents who were suffering as a result
of the Great Depression. While the demonstration continued outside,
the City Council voted in favor of a series of bills that were in
conformity with the demonstrators' demands.
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_INVENTING EMAIL WASN'T EASY_

55 YEARS AGO, on April 7, 1969, Steve Crocker, a 24-year-old computer
science graduate student, published "Request for Comments 1" (RFC-1),
one of the first papers about the design of what eventually became the
Internet. He emailed it to colleagues who were connected to the
University of California computer network, but the only way he could
send it to anyone else was to print it out and send it via snail-mail.
Email as we now know it, allowing anyone to send a message to anyone
with an Internet connection, would not exist for years, and "Request
for Comments 1" helped to lay the foundation for what became the World
Wide Web. [link removed]    

_JIM CROW MUST GO! IN 1964_

60 YEARS AGO, on April 8, 1964, the state of Mississippi enacted "An
Act to Prohibit the Unlawful Picketing of State Buildings,
Courthouses, Public Streets and Sidewalks." The new law was passed in
reaction to the civil rights movement's plan for Mississippi Freedom
Summer, a massive statewide campaign to end the Jim Crow
disenfranchisement of the vast majority Black Mississippians.

The day after the bill was signed, police in Greenwood arrested 52
activists who were picketing the county courthouse in a long-planned
demonstration against the county's refusal to register Black voters.
Those arrested included five children under the age of 14. On April
10, 55 picketers were arrested during a similar protest outside the
Hattiesburg courthouse.
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* The Black Panther Party
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* The Beatles
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* Anti-Vietnam War movement
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* The Great Depression
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* the Internet
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* mississippi freedom summer
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