In the 12 years since a NATO airstrike led to Muammar Gadhafi’s death at the hands of rebel fighters, Libya has undergone civil war, a jihadist surge, division into substate entities ruled by rivals, and penetration by a congeries of outside powers eager for influence and control of Libya’s resources. These were clearly not the objectives of the massive Washington-centered intra-war planning process for post-conflict Libya.
How and why has this happened? What are the current political and economic conditions in Libya? What are the requirements for a stability that has thus far been elusive?
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