[Those who dig up the valuable mineral often work in horrific and
dangerous conditions, says Siddharth Kara, an international expert on
modern-day slavery and author of Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the
Congo Powers Our Lives.]
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“COBALT RED”: SMARTPHONES & ELECTRIC CARS RELY ON TOXIC MINERAL
MINED IN CONGO BY CHILDREN  
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Siddharth Kara, Amy Goodman, Nermeen Shaikh
July 13, 2023
Democracy Now [[link removed]]


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_ Those who dig up the valuable mineral often work in horrific and
dangerous conditions, says Siddharth Kara, an international expert on
modern-day slavery and author of Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the
Congo Powers Our Lives. _

, Image Credit: Siddharth Kara

 

The Democratic Republic of the Congo produces nearly three-quarters of
the world’s cobalt, an essential component in rechargeable batteries
powering laptops, smartphones and electric vehicles. But those who dig
up the valuable mineral often work in horrific and dangerous
conditions, says Siddharth Kara, an international expert on modern-day
slavery and author of _Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the Congo Powers
Our Lives_. In an in-depth interview, he says the major technology
companies that rely on this cobalt from DRC to make their products
are turning a blind eye to the human toll and falsely claiming their
supply chains are free from abuse, including widespread child labor.
“The public health catastrophe on top of the human rights violence
on top of the environmental destruction is unlike anything we’ve
ever seen in the modern context,” says Kara. “The fact that it is
linked to companies worth trillions and that our lives depend on this
enormous violence has to be dealt with.”

Transcript

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMY GOODMAN: This is _Democracy Now!_, democracynow.org, _The War
and Peace Report_. I’m Amy Goodman, with Nermeen Shaikh.

We end today’s show looking how the world’s increasing reliance on
cobalt for mobile phones, electric cars has had a devastating impact
on the Congo. Cobalt is a key component in lithium-ion rechargeable
batteries. Nearly three-quarters of the world’s supply is mined in
the Congo under horrific conditions.

Siddharth Kara documents the human rights and environmental
catastrophe in the Congo in his new book, _Cobalt Red: How the Blood
of the Congo Powers Our Lives_. In it, he writes, quote, “There are
many episodes in the history of the Congo that are bloodier than what
is happening in the mining sector today, but none of these episodes
ever involved so much suffering for so much profit linked so
indispensably to the lives of billions of people around the world.”

Kara continues, “Spend a short time watching the filth-caked
children of the Katanga region scrounge at the earth for cobalt, and
you would be unable to determine whether they were working for the
benefit of Leopold or a tech company.”

That’s Siddharth Kara writing in _Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the
Congo Powers Our Lives_. His previous book, _Sex Trafficking: Inside
the Business of Modern Slavery_, won the 2010 Frederick Douglass Book
Prize, awarded for the best book written in English on slavery or
abolition.

Siddharth Kara, welcome to _Democracy Now!_ It’s great to have you
with us from London. This book is absolutely devastating, but, of
course, it’s describing that reality on the ground in Congo. Tell us
the story of how you came to focus on this, and how cobalt links the
devastation of the Congo to the West.

SIDDHARTH KARA: Well, thank you so much for inviting me to speak
with you about this crucial and very urgent matter.

I had been doing research on various forms of slavery and child labor
around the world for many, many years, starting in the year 2000. And
around 2016, I heard from some colleagues in the field about very
appalling conditions in the mining of cobalt in the DR Congo. And I
had no idea what cobalt was. I thought it was a color. I didn’t know
that it was in rechargeable batteries. So it took me a little time to
organize my first trip, establish ground relationships. I got into the
Congo the first time in 2018.

And what I saw was just so horrific, so extreme and severe. And the
fact that it was at the bottom of supply chains, that reach out like a
kraken across the global economy and touch the lives of everyone —
everyone listening to us right now cannot function for 24 hours
without cobalt. And as you noted in your remarks, roughly
three-fourths of the world’s supply comes from Congo. And it’s
mined in conditions — you read the bit, the sentence that links to
Leopold. It’s mined in conditions that are like the colonial times,
where the people of Africa are reduced to brute labor, their lives are
not valued, their labor is not valued, their humanity is not valued.
And that’s the reality that exists at the bottom of cobalt supply
chains.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: Siddharth, I mean, the book is just magnificent,
and, as Amy said, it’s completely devastating. So, if you could
explain to us, you know, for people, myself included, when I read the
book, the difference between artisanal mining, and the conditions that
exist on artisanal mines, areas where artisanal miners search for
cobalt, and industrial mining? And then describe some of the
conditions. Who are these miners? How many children are involved? And
how big are these mines? You’ve said some of them are as large as
European cities, including London.

SIDDHARTH KARA: Yeah. So, let’s spend a moment and just understand
what’s happening on the ground in that part of the Congo. And this
is the southeastern part, from the towns between Lubumbashi and
Kolwezi. And when you get down to that part of the Congo, there are
massive industrial mining operations, on the one hand. And now,
outside of the Congo, consumer-facing tech and EV companies will have
you believe that all of their cobalt supply in their batteries for
their gadgets and cars comes only from these industrial mines.
“Industrial” means what it sounds like: heavy machinery,
excavators digging and gouging at the earth. What’s happened there
is not sustainable at all in terms of industrial activity
— millions of trees clear-cut, massive destruction and
contamination of the environment.

Now, alongside that, and the reality is, inside of these industrial
operations, there are hundreds of thousands of people, including tens
of thousands of children, who dig by hand. Now, the quaint term given
to them is “artisanal mining.” And that makes you think that
they’re walking around baking bread or doing work in pleasing
conditions, but nothing could be further from the truth. Artisanal
mining means these tens of thousands of children, hundreds of
thousands of people, scrounging at the ground with pickaxes, shovels,
stretches of rebar or their bare hands to pull cobalt out of the
ground and feed it up the chain. Many of these people are digging
inside industrial mines. And outside of the Congo, tech and EV
companies will have you believe that that does not happen, but the
truth on the ground is very different.

They also dig all around the countryside, because cobalt is
everywhere. There are more reserves of cobalt in that part of the
Congo than the rest of the planet combined. So the local population
has been displaced by enormous mining operations. You made note that
some of these are as big as cities. Well, these mining concessions —
“concessions” means the territory a foreign mining company is
allowed to exploit — the biggest one in that part of the Congo is
the size of London, where I’m sitting right now. So, imagine a
London-sized swath of countryside that’s been completely gouged,
destroyed, clear-cut and contaminated in this scramble to get cobalt
out of the ground and up the chain. And imagine the hundreds of
thousands of people who used to live in that territory, forcibly
displaced, now without home, without a way to live, and all they can
do is scramble back into that ground, try to dig some cobalt out of
the earth, and feed it up the chain for a dollar or two a day.

AMY GOODMAN: I want to turn to a clip from a 2017 Sky News special
report on child miners in the DRC cobalt mines.

RICHARD: [translated] When I wake up every morning, I feel terrible,
knowing I have to come back here again. Everything hurts.

DORSEN: [translated] When I’m working here, I’m suffering. My
mother, she’s already dead, and I have to work all day, and my head
hurts me.

AMY GOODMAN: And this is a clip from a documentary produced by
Australian Broadcasting Corporation last year. In a film
titled _Blood Cobalt: The Congo’s Dangerous and Deadly Green Energy
Mines_, artisanal miner Mama Natalie explains why she works in the
mines accompanied by her two children.

MAMA NATALIE: [translated] I come to the mine to hustle. If I am
lucky, I make some money, and I buy food for the kids. But if I
don’t, they go to sleep hungry. … We collect dirt. The kids help
by packing it up and washing it. They also sort through it, looking
for minerals. It’s not a good life for children. We just don’t
have any other options.

AMY GOODMAN: So, Siddharth Kara, as we hear these voices of the
people who are actually digging for the cobalt, what about the
responsibility of the corporations, names we know so well, whether
we’re talking about Apple or — well, you name the names. And then
talk about what they — how they explain this level of exploitation,
certainly not something you could see in the children of California
doing.

SIDDHARTH KARA: Well, by and large, these consumer-facing tech and
EV companies look the other way. And these are the big names we’re
all familiar with: Apple, Tesla, Google, Microsoft, Samsung. I mean,
you can go down the list. They all buy some, most or all of their
cobalt from the Congo, because there’s no other cobalt to buy, quite
frankly. They’re all aware, to some degree, I’m sure, of the
conditions on the ground. And by and large, they simply offer PR
statements that their supply chains are audited, that they’re
certified, that they protect and preserve the human rights of every
participant in their supply chain, that they have zero-tolerance
policies on child labor, that mining is done sustainably, so you, as a
consumer, you, as a shareholder, don’t worry about it.

But the truth, the truth that the Congolese people have to share, is
completely different. They are at the bottom of the supply chain, with
no alternative but to eke out this base, scrounging, hazardous,
miserable existence for a dollar or two a day, feeding cobalt up the
chain to these behemoth tech and EV companies. As your clip mentioned,
the mother said there’s no other alternative there. These people
have been displaced and pushed to a cliff’s edge. If they want to
eat, they have to put their lives at risk to dig cobalt out of the
ground. And it’s part of the scramble. You see, there is so much
demand, especially being driven by this transition to electric
vehicles. There is so much demand for cobalt that mining companies
can’t get it out of the ground quickly enough. Well, if you have
hundreds of thousands of grindingly poor people there digging it out
of the ground, it’s a penny-wage way of boosting production to try
and meet demand.

And your listeners and viewers should understand, cobalt is toxic.
It’s toxic to touch. It’s toxic to breathe. So I have seen
thousands of women with babies strapped to their backs inhaling toxic
cobalt dust day in and day out, 10-year-old children caked in toxic
filth, exposing themselves to toxic cobalt. And the ore that these
children are digging that has cobalt in it often has traces of
radioactive uranium. So, the public health catastrophe on top of the
human rights violence on top of the environmental destruction is
unlike anything we’ve ever seen in the modern context. And the fact
that it is linked to companies worth trillions and that our lives
depend on this enormous violence has to be dealt with.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: And, Siddharth, you point out — I’ll just read
out a short quote of yours, because you mentioned what these miners
are paid. So, you write, “The most fortunate tunnel diggers in
Kasulo earn around $3,000 per year.” The most fortunate. “By way
of comparison, the CEOs of the technology and car companies that buy
the cobalt mined from Kasulo earn $3,000 in an hour, and they do so
without having to put their lives at risk each day that they go to
work.” So, if you could explain? I mean, first of all, talk — as
you said, $7 or $8 is the maximum a day that people earn. What do
these children get, these 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-year-old children, and
countless teenagers?

SIDDHARTH KARA: Yes. Well, you see, the riches that are enjoyed at
the top of the chain, they’re stacked to the sky on top of the
narrow, beleaguered shoulders of the children of the Congo.

So, start with the family unit. Men and teenage boys with some
strength, they might be digging tunnels in a neighborhood like Kasulo,
that you just mentioned, which is in Kolwezi, ground zero for cobalt
mining. They dig shafts down into the ground, up to 100 feet deep, to
try to find slightly higher grades of cobalt ore — think of it like
purity — so that instead of earning a dollar or two or three, maybe
they’ll earn four or five or six. Well, they’re crouched in
darkness. They don’t have room to sit up as they work for 18 hours
at a time underground. And those tunnels often collapse, burying alive
everyone inside.

On the ground, you’ll have younger children, and maybe mothers,
digging in pits and trenches that could be a few meters deep. They
will gather sacks of dirt and stone and fill them up and take them
over to putrid rinsing pools, where young children, little boys and
girls, will use a sieve to try to separate dirt and stone from
cobalt-bearing ore. They go through this process throughout an entire
day to fill one sack, for which the family might get $2 or $3 or $4
from the buyers, the Chinese buyers, who then sell it to formal
industrial mining companies.

So, at the bottom end, children could be earning 50 cents to a dollar
for rinsing and sieving and sorting. And at the best, on the best day,
tunnel-digging males and teenage boys might earn $5 or $6 or $7, but
putting their lives at risk for a potentially horrid demise each and
every day.

AMY GOODMAN: So, can you talk about the responsibility of the
Congolese government, of China, of the United States?

SIDDHARTH KARA: Well, ultimately, what needs to happen is the
companies at the top of the chain have to accept responsibility for
the conditions at the bottom of their cobalt supply chains. It’s
that lack of accountability, the lack of accepting responsibility for
the conditions of labor of the Congolese people and the environmental
destruction, that leads to a host of other ills.

So, every actor in the supply chain, from Chinese mining companies to
the Congolese government, they’re all parts of a chain that starts
at the top. And there are bad actors at every level. The Congolese
government, of course, has its role to play in not adequately and
equitably allocating mining revenues to the population there.
There’s corruption and graft, of course, which plagues the country
of the Congo.

But China dominates and controls mining production on the ground. And
what I’ve seen with my own eyes, and what any Congolese person
living in the Katanga region will tell you, is they pay no heed to the
human rights of the Congolese people, and they pay no heed to
environmental protection. Mining companies, especially the Chinese
ones, dump toxic effluents in the earth, the air, the water. I have
seen villages with children playing in the dirt, covered in sulfuric
acid powder that is wafting over the entire countryside from mineral
processing plants at Chinese mining companies. And as I’ve mentioned
a few times, millions of trees have been clear-cut. And I never met
anyone in the Congo who said they saw anyone planting one tree to
replace them. The waterways, lakes and rivers, have also been
polluted, so fish stocks are polluted. Animal stocks are polluted.
Vegetables are polluted. Everyone there is being slowly poisoned to
death by cobalt mining operations. That’s the truth that the
stakeholders at the top of the chain don’t want us to know. But
that’s the truth the Congolese people are desperate to share.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: Siddharth, could you explain — you talked about
— how is it that China came to play such a huge role in the cobalt
mining industry, owning and financing as many of the mines, 15 out of
the 19 major industrial copper-cobalt mining complexes in the main
cobalt-producing provinces that you visited? How has China come to
play this role? And then talk about the depots, the bosses that you
spoke to. It was very difficult to get into the depots. They all have
armed guards and so on. What did those — the Chinese bosses of
these depots tell you about the conditions there, what they’re doing
there? And did they take any responsibility at all for the conditions
under which these miners were working?

SIDDHARTH KARA: Well, in a way, you have to give China credit.
Fifteen-plus years ago, they saw that the future was going to be
rechargeable batteries. And that meant cobalt. And they shrewdly
determined all the cobalt is in the Congo. And starting in 2009 with
the previous administration of President Joseph Kabila, they started
signing deals. And the first one they signed in 2009 was a $6 billion
loan and infrastructure deal in exchange for access to several
copper-cobalt mines in the Congo. And that opened the door, that
opened the floodgates, and then it was one state-run Chinese mining
company after another signing deals with the Kabila administration.
And before the West knew what was happening, China had locked down the
bottom of the cobalt supply chain. And from that point forward, they
vertically integrated it. They control probably 70 to 80% of mining
production on the ground in the Congo. Last year, they supplied about
80% of the world’s supply of refined cobalt and probably half of the
world’s supply of rechargeable batteries for phones, laptops and
cars.

But how does this artisanal cobalt, the child-mined cobalt, enter into
that formal supply chain? Well, there’s an informal ecosystem that
exists right next to the formal supply chain. And imagine it like
this. You have hundreds of thousands of people digging all around that
part of the countryside, filling up sacks of cobalt. And they take it
to these depots, or they’re also called buying houses. And most of
them are run by Chinese agents. And their job is to buy up artisanal
cobalt and sell it straight to industrial mining companies. And so,
you can just sit outside. And they advertise with these pink tarps.
They’ll say, “Copper-cobalt depot,” “$1 million depot,
“[dollar sign] depot.” And so, artisanal miners sell their cobalt
to these buying houses. And at the end of the day, you see huge cargo
trucks from the industrial mines pull up and buy up all these sacks,
hundreds and hundreds of sacks of tons of cobalt being purchased, and
they take them right into the industrial mine, where it’s then mixed
with the industrial production.

And from that point forward — this is very important for people to
understand — from that point forward, there is no way to
disaggregate which cobalt was pulled out of the ground by an excavator
and which cobalt was pulled out of the ground by hands of a child. And
any company that claims otherwise is either recklessly ignorant of the
truth on the ground or they’re dealing in falsehood.

AMY GOODMAN: So, we’re talking to Siddharth Kara, who is author
of _Cobalt Red_. You end your book quoting the last letter of Patrice
Lumumba to his wife — Patrice Lumumba, the Congolese independence
leader, first prime minister, who was assassinated in 1961. The U.S.
went after him, specifically the CIA, Belgium. Talk about this quote,
when you write, “Patrice Lumumba offered a fleeting chance at a
different fate, but the neocolonial machinery of the West chopped him
down and replaced him with someone who would keep their riches
flowing.” And that was the longtime, decades-long dictator, Mobutu
Sese Seko, long supported by the United States.

SIDDHARTH KARA: Well, let’s go back to the moment of independence
in 1960 in the DR Congo, and 17 countries in Africa got independence
from their colonial powers that year. Congo was coming out of
centuries of the slave trade and then Belgian colonialism. Patrice
Lumumba was a very bold, popular nationalist leader. He was elected in
the country’s first democratic elections to be their first president
and prime minister. And he had a bold vision that the Congo’s
mineral wealth, its rich resources — and the Congo is blessed with
enormous riches and resources — his vision was that those resources
should be for the benefit of the Congolese people and not foreign
powers.

Well, 11 days after independence, Belgium amputated the part of the
Congo that we’re talking about right now, Katanga, where all the
mineral resources are, and that was 80% of the country’s economy at
independence. So, 11 days. The country had 11 days of freedom before
Belgium went in and amputated the most important part of the country.

Well, Lumumba asked the United Nations for help expelling the
Belgians. They did not cooperate. So then he turned towards the Soviet
Union and asked their help in expelling the Belgians from his country.
Well, the thought that the Congo’s mineral riches would flow towards
the Soviet Union and not continue flowing to the West sent those
neocolonial powers into a tailspin, and they hatched a plan very
quickly to dispatch of Lumumba.

The U.S., Belgium, the CIA, they were all involved in capturing
Lumumba. They flew him to the Belgian stronghold in Katanga, tortured
him, shot him, chopped him to pieces, dissolved his body in acid,
ground his bones to dust so no trace could ever be found, except for
one tooth that was held as a souvenir by one of the Belgian assassins.
And in fact, that tooth was just returned by Belgium to Lumumba’s
descendants last year.

So, the lesson was — the lesson was, unless you play ball with the
West, we’ll chop you down and replace you with someone who will. And
as you noted, that person ended up being Joseph Mobutu for three
decades, a corrupt, bloodthirsty despot and kleptocrat who ran the
Congo into the ground. And so the Congo really never had a chance.
It’s just been one set of corrupt leadership after another. But they
had their chance at freedom and maybe a completely different path with
Lumumba after independence, but, sadly, the colonial powers had other
plans.

NERMEEN SHAIKH: Siddharth, if we could go back to the stories, in
fact, that you heard while you were in the Congo, what’s, in fact,
become of the place? You interview many miners and families of miners
in the book. Could you tell us a couple of those stories, the story,
for example, of Elodie or Lubo? Just tell us what they told you, who
they are.

SIDDHARTH KARA: Yeah. Elodie was a young girl I met on my first trip
to the Congo. She was 15 years old, an orphan. She was digging in an
area called Lake Malo, which is near a village called Kapata in the
Kolwezi area. And she had been orphaned by cobalt mining. Her father,
she reported, died in a tunnel collapse inside an industrial mine
right next to where she was digging when I met her. And her mother
died from some infection or illness, she wasn’t sure, but her mother
was someone who rinsed cobalt stones in the very toxic waters at Lake
Malo. And Elodie was an orphan, on her own. And there are thousands of
children who have been orphaned by cobalt mining. And they scramble
and scrounge for cobalt. And in her case, she couldn’t make ends
meet. She had to prostitute herself as a teenager to try to get money
to survive. When I met her, it was pretty clear to me she was in the
later stages of HIV. She had a 2-month-old son strapped to her back.
She was wiry, mucus-crusted, very, very ill.

And what I saw in her was the face of what the global economy was
doing to the Congo. It’s almost impossible to imagine that the
degradation of this child, and children like her, can be transformed
by the global economy into shiny phones and cars. But that’s exactly
what’s happened. And she was sort of the quintessence of this story,
the complete degradation of Congolese children, children thrown to a
pack of wolves by a global economy that transformed their degradation,
their suffering into the indispensable gadgets and cars that we rely
on every day. And that’s an injustice. That’s an utterly caustic,
miserable formula that needs to be set right, because we can’t
conduct our rechargeable economy and our daily lives by inflicting
such violence and suffering on some of the poorest children in the
world.

AMY GOODMAN: Siddharth Kara, we want to thank you so much for being
with us, author of the new book, _Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the
Congo Powers Our Lives_. His previous book, _Sex Trafficking: Inside
the Business of Modern Slavery_, won the 2010 Frederick Douglass Book
Prize, awarded for the best book written in English on slavery or
abolition.

That does it for our show. _Democracy Now!_ produced with Mike
Burke, Renée Feltz, Deena Guzder, Messiah Rhodes, María Taracena,
Tami Woronoff, Charina Nadura, Sam Alcoff. I’m Amy Goodman, with
Nermeen Shaikh.

_SIDDHARTH KARA is a NY Times Bestselling author and a leading expert
on modern-day slavery and human trafficking, child labor, and related
human rights issues. He is a British Academy Global Professor and an
associate professor at the University of Nottingham._

_AMY GOODMAN is an American broadcast journalist, syndicated
columnist, investigative reporter, and author. Her investigative
journalism career includes coverage of the East Timor independence
movement, Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara, and Chevron
Corporation's role in Nigeria.  Since 1996, she has been the main
host of Democracy Now!
[[link removed]!], a progressive
[[link removed]] global news program
broadcast daily on radio, television and the Internet. She has
received awards for her work, including the Thomas Merton Award
[[link removed]] in 2004, a Right
Livelihood Award
[[link removed]] in 2008, and
an Izzy Award
[[link removed]] in
2009 for "special achievement in independent media". In 2012, Goodman
received the Gandhi Peace Award
[[link removed]] for a "significant
contribution to the promotion of an enduring international peace". She
is the author of six books, including the 2012 The Silenced Majority:
Stories of Uprisings, Occupations, Resistance, and Hope, and the
2016 Democracy Now!: Twenty Years Covering the Movements Changing
America. In 2016, she was criminally charged with a riot in
connection with her coverage of protests of the Dakota Access
pipeline [[link removed]]. This
action was condemned by the Committee to Protect Journalists
[[link removed]]. The
charges were dismissed by the North Dakota district judge on October
17, 2016. In 2014 she was awarded the I.F. Stone
[[link removed]] Medal for Journalistic
Independence by Harvard University's Nieman Foundation
[[link removed]]._

_NERMEEN SHAIKH is a broadcast news producer and weekly co-host
at Democracy Now! in New York City. She worked in research and
nongovernmental organizations before joining Democracy Now! She has
a masters of philosophy from Cambridge University and is the author
of The Present as History: Critical Perspectives on Global
Power (Columbia University Press)._

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