[International law? Whats that? in 1986. First marches for Gay
Pride in 1970. Saving a bridge in 1923. Torturers unwelcome in 1980.
Bronx hospital patients first in 1970. Guantanamo opens in 1903.
Gettysburg in 1863.]
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THIS WEEK IN PEOPLE’S HISTORY, JUNE 27–JULY 3  
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_ International law? What's that? in 1986. First marches for Gay
Pride in 1970. Saving a bridge in 1923. Torturers unwelcome in 1980.
Bronx hospital patients first in 1970. Guantanamo opens in 1903.
Gettysburg in 1863. _

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_JUNE 27, 1986._ The International Court of Justice rules, by a 12-3
vote, that the Reagan administration's attacks on Nicaragua's
Sandinista government had broken international law and violated
Nicaragua's sovereignty. The court orders the U.S. to pay damages to
Nicaragua. According to the Court's decision, the U.S. actions against
Nicaragua  violated international law in four different ways: by
using force against Nicaragua when the two countries were at peace, by
intervening in Nicaragua's internal affairs, by violating Nicaragua's
sovereignty, and by interferring with peaceful maritime commerce. So
what did the Reagan administration do? The equivalent of using a
get-out-of-jail-free card.  The Court's decision could not be
appealed, but the decision's enforcement could be vetoed by any member
of the U.N. Security Council. On October 28, 1986, the U.S. did just
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_JUNE 28, 1970._ The Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee holds
a march to commemorate the first anniverary of the Stonewall
rebellion, three days of spontaneous civil disobedence in reaction to
anti-gay police violence in the Stonewall Inn and the surrounding
Greenwich Village neighborhood.  More than 20 thousand join the
3-mile march from Christopher Street to Central Park, a turnout that
pleasantly surprises the organizers. On the same weekend, Los Angeles
and Chicago also host their first Gay Pride marches.
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_JUNE 29, 1923 (100 YEARS AGO). _Citizens of upper Manhattan and the
west Bronx win a 3-month struggle against the city government's plan
to demolish the handsome 85-year-old High Bridge over the Harlem
River.  The bridge had been built to carry drinking water,
pedestrians and horse-drawn vehicles over the river, but a new water
tunnel rendered the aqueduct on the bridge unnecessary.  Even so, the
residents of the area did not want to lose one of the city's
handsomest structures and to continue using it to carry people and
goods. The bridge, which was designated as a New York City landmark in
1967, was reopened to pedestrians and bicyclists in 2015, after having
been closed for about 50 years.
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_JUNE 30, 1980._ In a landmark case, the federal Court of Appeals for
the 2nd Circuit decides Filártiga v. Peña-Irala in favor of the
plaintiffs, Dolly and Joel Filártiga. The court finds that U.S.
courts have jurisdiction over non-U.S. citizens who commit acts that
that are in violation of international law or treaties to which the US
is a party, no matter where the action took place.  If, say, a person
tortures another (a violation of international law) anywhere in the
world and then travels to the United States, they can be arrested and
held liable for their action in federal court.
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_JULY 1, 1970. _ Over three dozen recent medical school graduates
form the Lincoln Pediatric Collective to serve the community at
Lincoln Hospital, an underfunded public hospital in the South Bronx.
The Collective, in collaboration with the the Health Revolutionary
Unity Movement, develops and implements the use of a “Patient Bill
of Rights,” which was at the time an almost unheard-of initiative,
but has since been become standard medical practice.
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_JULY 2, 1903 (120 YEARS AGO)._ The government of Cuba agrees to
permanently lease 45 acres of land on the shore of Guantanamo Bay to
the United States.  The Cuban government initially resisted the
arrangement, but when faced with a heavy U.S. military presence that
remained on the island after the defeat of the Spanish in the
Spanish-American War, eventually gave in.
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_JULY 3, 1863 (160 YEARS AGO)._ The Confederate invasion of the North
ends when Union forces prevail in the 3-day-long Battle of Gettysburg,
the deadliest battle ever on U.S. soil. The Civil War continues for
another 21 months, but the Confederates are never again able to
conduct a strategic offensive.
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* international law
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* Gay Pride Parade
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* architecture
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* medical care
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* Guantanamo Bay
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* Civil War
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