No images? Click here Welcome to The Corner. In this issue, we look at how dominance of cloud services helps Microsoft, Google, and Amazon control Gen AI.
Amid several Congress hearings in the last two weeks on how to police generative AI, reporters largely missed an important discussion on cloud service business practices hosted by the new Office of Technology at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The meeting, which focused on Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, is part of an investigation the FTC launched in March to tackle competition and security issues in this sector. The scrutiny of Big Tech’s dominant position in cloud services has been building for years, as ever more private and government services have come to depend on the cloud. Concerns have accelerated in recent months with the rush by developers to build more sophisticated AI tools, such as ChatGPT and the like, that are designed to run on the cloud. Cloud services are typically divided into three overlapping layers. Infrastructure-only cloud allows users to store data and install software on their networks. Platform services enable users to develop and run applications on third-party servers, an example being Netflix’s reliance on Amazon Web Services for its basic operations. The third layer is made up of retail software services offered directly by the giants, like Microsoft’s Office 365 or Google’s Workspace. Amazon, Microsoft, and Google combined control 65 percent of the worldwide cloud services market share. The FTC meeting focused mainly on the antitrust concepts of bundling and tying. These refer to how corporations can link products or services in ways that leverage their dominant position in one market to fortify another line of business. Microsoft, for example, requires users of its Teams platform to also subscribe to Office 365. More recently, Google announced it will sell access to one of its most powerful AI tools, the Pathways Language Model, exclusively to developers that use the corporation’s cloud services. Other bundling tactics are more “clever,” Salil Deshpande, founder of the venture capital firm Uncorrelated Ventures said, noting Amazon’s cloud services discount program, whereby clients who commit to large volumes of long-term spending are rewarded with major discounts on Amazon-branded products and up to a 50-percent discount on products sold by third-party merchants on the Amazon marketplace. Participants in the FTC meeting also discussed behaviors that lock in demand. One example is egress fees — designed to add cost to moving data out of a cloud provider. Amazon, Microsoft and Google charge between 5 to 20 cents per gigabyte every time data is moved from their cloud to a private data center or competitor, according to reports. Although it is feasible to work with multiple cloud providers at a time, the high costs of data transfer leads most companies to stay with one provider, the panelists said. Big Tech’s harms to open-source software were also discussed. In the open-source market, developers make programs available for free, along with the source code and a license that allows users to try the program out. If the users want more features to integrate the code with their own applications, they can purchase a more complete version of the same program. Ideally, this model allows developers to cover production costs and support research to develop more free tools. But according to panelists, tech giants like Amazon have the power to “hijack” open-source code designed to run atop multiple cloud providers and sell it as part of its own solutions, effectively “siphoning off customers from the open-source project,” Deshpande explained. This is what happened to the data management company MongoDB in 2019. Amazon admitted to using an “older version” of MongoDB’s open-source code to design a new service “from the ground up” in a move that sent MongoDB’s shares down, as CNBC reported. These same practices appear to be widespread in other countries, according to regulators. U.K. telecommunications regulator Ofcom recently published its preliminary findings on competition in cloud services, and made a recommendation to the Competition and Markets Authority to further investigate the cloud market. In the U.S., the investigation is just starting. To further support the FTC in this matter, all market players in cloud services and the general public can submit their comments by June 21. The main problem with this structure is that the tech giants can use insights from all sides of the market to inflate ad prices, extort advertising from captive suppliers, and divert ad dollars from news publishers to their own business. A recent Department of Justice antitrust case against Google’s advertising business, for instance, alleges that this system allowed Google to manipulate ad prices to increase its ad exchange revenues, and to siphon at least $200 million in ad spending from publishers that chose not to use Google’s publisher ad server. Advocates also claim the greater competition created by the AMERICA Act would result in lower prices for digital advertising and would curtail the ability of the platforms to leverage audience data from third-party publishers to their own benefit. Currently, the personal data Google obtains from the publishers’ side of the ad tech market is used to feed its own offer of targeted ads on its web properties. The bill will not dismantle the overall power of Big Tech corporations, since their footprint goes far beyond digital advertising. In addition to the current antitrust tech bills, it will be critical to impose non-discrimination rules on all platforms acting as gatekeepers of essential online services, so that no one company has the ability to pick and choose which content reaches consumers and which doesn’t. 📝 WHAT WE'VE BEEN UP TO:
🔊 ANTI-MONOPOLY RISING:
We appreciate your readership. Please consider making a contribution to support the continued publication of this newsletter. 📈 VITAL STAT:$84 BillionThe amount that JPMorgan, the biggest U.S. bank by assets, discloses that it would make in net interest income this year, $3 billion higher than was expected just last month. This rise in income stems from the bank’s government-brokered takeover of First Republic this month. 📚 WHAT WE'RE READING:“Traffic.” (Penguin Random House, Ben Smith). As websites that relied heavily on social media and clickbait content start to shut down this year, the author and former editor-in-chief at BuzzFeed News tells the story of how the race for infinite traffic reshaped the internet and brought unintended consequences for the future of news media. 🔎 TIPS? COMMENTS? SUGGESTIONS? We would love to hear from you—just reply to this e-mail and drop us a line. Give us your feedback, alert us to competition policy news, or let us know your favorite story from this issue. |